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Daylight saving time in Australia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Australian time zones during daylight-saving time (from southern spring to southern autumn)

Each state and territory of Australia determines whether or not to use daylight saving time (DST). However, during World War I and World War II all states and territories had daylight saving by federal law,[1] under the defence power in section 51 of the constitution. In 1968, Tasmania was the first state since the war to adopt daylight saving. In 1971, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory also adopted daylight saving, while Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving in 1972. Queensland and Western Australia have observed daylight saving over the past 40 years from time to time on a trial basis.

As of 2024, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia observe DST every year, while Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia do not. This causes the mainland's three standard time zones to increase to five during the daylight-saving period. South Australia time diverges from Northern Territory time to become UTC+10:30, known as Central Daylight Time (CDT) or Australia Central Daylight Time (ACDT), while the time in the southeastern states diverges from Queensland time to become UTC+11:00, known as Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) or Australia Eastern Daylight Time (AEDT).

Officially, the change to and from DST takes place at 02:00 local standard time (which is 03:00 DST) on the appropriate Sunday. Of the states that observe DST, most began on the last Sunday in October, and ended on the last Sunday in March, until 2007. Tasmania, owing to its further southern latitude began DST earlier, on the first Sunday in October, and ended on the last Sunday in March. In the 2007–08 season, Tasmania started on the first Sunday in October whilst the ACT, NSW, Vic and SA started in the last Sunday in October. As part of the transition to earlier daylight saving, those states and Tasmania all finished on the first Sunday in April. For subsequent years, DST in the south-eastern states and SA now starts on the first Sunday in October, finishing on the first Sunday in April the next year. Western Australia was not affected by these changes to DST, being the only state in 2007–08 to observe daylight saving from the last Sunday in October to the last Sunday in March. However, since 2009, it is on Standard time all year round.[2]

State/territory Start of DST End of DST Notes and other mentions
Australian Capital Territory (ACT) First Sunday in October (since 2008–09) First Sunday in April (2005–06 and since 2007–08) Since 1971.
New South Wales (NSW) First Sunday in October (since 2008–09) First Sunday in April (2005–06 and since 2007–08) Observed DST in 1917, 1942–1944, and since 1971.[3]
Northern Territory (NT) — — Observed DST in 1917 and 1942–1944.
Queensland (QLD) — — Observed DST in 1917, 1942–1944, 1971–1972, and 1989–1992.
South Australia (SA) First Sunday in October (since 2008–09) First Sunday in April (2005–06 and since 2008–09) Observed DST in 1917, 1942–1944, and since 1971.
Tasmania (TAS) First Sunday in October (since 1992–93 except for 2000–01 when it began on the Last Sunday in August) First Sunday in April (2005–06 and since 2007–08) Observed DST in 1916–1917, 1942–1944, and since 1967.
Victoria (VIC) First Sunday in October (since 2008–09) First Sunday in April (2005–06 and since 2007–08)[4] Observed DST in 1917, 1942–1944, and since 1971.
Western Australia (WA) — — Observed DST in 1917, 1942–1943, 1974–1975, 1983–1984, 1991–1992, and 2006–2009.

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Transcription

Every year some countries move their clocks forward in the spring only to move them back in the autumn. To the vast majority of the world who doesn’t participate in this odd clock fiddling – it seems a baffling thing to do. So what’s the reason behind it? The original idea, proposed by George Hudson, was to give people more sunlight in the summer. Of course, it’s important to note that changing a clock doesn’t actually make more sunlight – that’s not how physics works. But, by moving the clocks forward an hour, compared to all other human activity, the sun will seem to both rise and set later. The time when the clocks are moved forward is called Daylight Saving Time and the rest of the year is called Standard Time. This switch effectively gives people more time to enjoy the sunshine and nice summer weather after work. Hudson, in particular, wanted more sunlight so he could spend more time adding to his insect collection. When winter is coming the clocks move back, presumably because people won’t want to go outside anymore. But, winter doesn’t have this affect on everyone. If you live in a tropical place like Hawaii, you don’t really have to worry about seasons because they pretty much don’t happen. Every day, all year is sunny and beautiful so christmas is just as good of a day to hit the beach as any other. As so, Hawaii is one of two states in the Union that ignore daylight saving time. But, the further you travel from the equator in either direction the more the seasons assert themselves and you get colder and darker winters, making summer time much more valuable to the locals. So it’s no surprise that the further a country is from the equator the more likely it uses daylight saving time. Hudson proposed his idea in Wellington in 1895 – but it wasn’t well received and it took until 1916 for Germany to be the first country to put it into practice. Though, the uber-industrious Germans were less concerned with catching butterflies on a fine summer evening than they were with saving coal to feed the war machine. The Germans thought daylight saving time would conserve energy. The reasoning goes that it encourages people to say out later in the summer and thus use less artificial lighting. This sounds logical, and it may have worked back in the more regimented society of a hundred years ago, but does it still work in the modern world? That turns out to be a surprisingly difficult question to answer. For example, take mankind’s greatest invention: AIR CONDITIONING. The magic box of cool that makes otherwise uninhabitable sections of the world quite tolerable places to live. But, pumping heat out of your house isn’t cheap and turning on one air conditioner is the same as running dozens of tungsten light bulbs. If people get more sunshine, but don’t use it to go outside then Daylight Saving Time might actually cost electricity, not save it. This is particularly true in a place like Phoenix: where the average summer high is 107 degrees and the record is 122. If you suggest to an Arizonian to change their clocks in the summer to get more sunshine, they laugh in your face. More sun and higher electricity bills are not what they want which is why Arizona is the second state that never changes their clocks. Another problem when trying to study daylight saving time is rapid changes in technology and electrical use. And as technology gets better and better and better more electricity is dedicated to things that aren’t light bulbs. And the lure of a hot, sweaty, mosquito-filled day outside is less appealing than technological entertainments and climate-controlled comfort inside. Also the horrifically energy in-efficient tungsten light bulbs that have remained unchanged for a century are giving way to CFLs and LEDs – greatly reducing the amount of energy required to light a room. So, even assuming that DST is effective, it’s probably less effective with every with every passing year. The bottom line is while some studies say DST costs more electricity and others say it saves electricity, the one thing they agree on is the effect size: not 20% or 10% but 1% or less, which, in the United States, works out to be about $4 per household. $4 saved or spent on electricity over an entire year is not really a huge deal either way. So the question now becomes is the hassle of switching the clocks twice a year worth it? The most obvious trouble comes from sleep depravation – an already common problem in the western world that DST makes measurably worse. With time-tracking software we can actually see that people are less productive the week after the clock changes. This comes with huge associated costs. To make things worse, most countries take away that hour of sleep on a Monday morning. Sleep depravation can lead to heart attacks and suicides and the Daylight Saving Time Monday has a higher than normal spike in both. Other troubles come from scheduling meetings across time zones. Let’s say that your trying to plan a three-way conference between New York, London and Sydney – not an easy thing to do under the best of circumstances but made extra difficult when they don’t agree on when daylight saving time should start and end. In the spring, Sydney is 11 hours ahead of London and New York is five hours behind. But then New York is the first to enter Daylight Saving Time and moves its clock forward an hour. Two weeks later London does the same. In one more week, Sydney, being on the opposite side of the world, leaves daylight saving time and moves its clock back an hour. So in the space of three weeks New York is five hours behind London, then four hours and then five hours again. And Sydney is either 11, 10 or 9 nine hours from London and 16, 15 or 14 hours from New York. And this whole crazy thing happens again in reverse six months later. Back in the dark ages, this might not have mattered so much but in the modern, interconnected world planning international meetings happens 1,000s and 1,000s of times daily – shifting and inconsistent time zones isn’t doing netizens any favors. And, to make matters worse, countries aren’t even consistent about daylight saving time within their own borders. Brazil has daylight saving time, but only if you live in the south. Canada has it too, but not Saskatchewan. Most of Oz does DST, but not Western Australia, The Northern Territory or Queensland. And, of course, the United States does have DST, unless you live in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas Islands or, as mentioned before Hawaii and Arizona. But Arizona isn’t even consistent within itself. While Arizona ignores DST, the Navaho Nation inside of Arizona follows it. Inside of the Navaho Nation is the Hopi Reservation which, like Arizona, ignores daylight saving time. Going deeper, inside of the Hopi Reservation is another part of the Navaho Nation which does follow daylight saving time. And finally there is also part of the Hopi Reservation elsewhere in the Navaho Nation which doesn’t. So driving across this hundred-mile stretch would technically necessitate seven clock changes which is insane. While this is an unusual local oddity here is a map showing the different daylight saving and time zone rules in all their complicated glory – it’s a huge mess and constantly needs updating as countries change their laws. Which is why it shouldn’t be surprising that even our digital gadgets can’t keep the time straight occasionally. So to review: daylight saving time gives more sunlight in the summer after work, which, depending on where you live might be an advantage – or not. And it may (or may not) save electricity but one thing is for sure, it’s guaranteed to make something that should be simple, keeping track of time, quite complicated – which is why when it comes time to change the clocks is always a debate about whether or not we should.�

Debate over daylight saving time – trials, referendums and politics

Queensland

Queensland had a particularly involved debate over daylight-saving time, with public opinion geographically divided. A referendum on daylight saving was held on 22 February 1992, following a three-year trial (1989/90 – 1991/92), and was defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote.[full citation needed] [5] The referendum result displayed a distinct trend – that public opinion on daylight saving in Queensland is geographically divided, with the 'no' vote strongest in the north and west regional districts, while the 'yes' vote was strongest in the state's metropolitan south-east.[6]

Since the early 2000s, there have been a number of petitions submitted to Queensland Parliament, lobbying for the introduction of daylight-saving time or for another referendum to be held. A petition in 2006 was signed by 62,232 people.[7] In response to these petitions, then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie commissioned research to find out if daylight-saving time should be re-introduced into Queensland. Around this time, Beattie claimed that daylight-saving time in Queensland would increase the rate of skin cancer in the state, an unfounded claim for which there is no evidence according to the Queensland Cancer Fund.[8]

In October 2007, the completed government-commissioned research was presented to a newly sworn-in Premier Anna Bligh, who ruled out holding a new referendum, despite the report indicating 59% of Queensland residents and 69% of South East Queenslanders to be in favour of adopting daylight-saving time.[9]

In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political Party was officially registered, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for daylight saving time in South East Queensland while the remainder of the state maintains standard time. The party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received around one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.[10]

In early 2010, the DS4SEQ political party approached independent Member, Peter Wellington, to introduce a private member's Bill for daylight saving.[11] As Wellington agreed with the principles of the DS4SEQ proposal, specifically the dual time zone arrangement, he drafted the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 and tabled the Bill into Queensland Parliament on 14 April 2010.[12] Wellington has called for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into south-east Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement.

In response to this Bill, Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, announced a community consultation process, which resulted in over 74,000 respondents participating, 64 percent of whom voted in favour of a trial and 63% were in favour of holding a referendum.[13] The decision announced by the Premier on 7 June 2010 was that her Government would not support the Bill, because regional Queenslanders were overwhelmingly opposed to daylight saving.[14] The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.[15]

Western Australia

Western Australia also had a particularly involved debate over daylight-saving time, with the issue being put to a referendum four times, 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009. All were defeated. Voters returned a "no" vote of 54.57% in 2009, the highest in all four referendums. Each referendum followed a trial period during which the state observed daylight saving time. The first three followed a one-year trial, while the 2006 Western Australian Daylight Saving Bill (No. 2) 2006 instituted a daylight-saving trial that began on 3 December 2006 and lasted for three years.[16]

Special events

In 2000, all eastern jurisdictions that normally observe daylight-saving time – New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania – started daylight-saving time early, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. These jurisdictions changed on 27 August 2000. South Australia did not change until the regular time, which that year was on 29 October.

In 2006, all states that followed daylight-saving time (the above listed states plus South Australia) delayed the return to their respective Standard Times by a week, due to the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Daylight-saving time ended on 2 April 2006.

History

1970 ABC interviews with Tasmanians about the introduction of Daylight Saving.

Daylight saving was first used in Australia during World War I, and was applied in all states. It was used again during the Second World War. A drought in Tasmania in 1967 led to the reintroduction of daylight saving in that state during the summer, and this was repeated every summer since then. In 1971, New South Wales, Victoria,[17] Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory followed Tasmania by observing daylight saving. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving time in 1972.[18]

Originally Tasmania alone commenced daylight saving on the first Sunday in October, while the other states began on the last Sunday in October and finished on the last Sunday in March, until 2008. From 2008/09 daylight saving has been extended another four weeks in NSW, Victoria, SA and the ACT, in addition to Tasmania, from the first Sunday in October to the first Sunday in April.

Queensland again trialled daylight saving, for three years between 1989 and 1992, with a referendum on daylight saving held on 22 February 1992, which was defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan South East Queensland were in favour.[5]

In December 2008, the  Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time.[19] The party contested the 2009 state election with 32 candidates and received around one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.[10]

On 14 April 2010, and after being approached by the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement.[12] The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.[15]

In Western Australia, four referendums in 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009 have rejected DST.[20] In 2006, the Parliament of Western Australia approved a three-year daylight saving trial to be followed by a referendum to decide whether DST should be put in place permanently. However, public opposition mounted during the first year of the trial,[21] and the WA Nationals announced a public campaign to bring the referendum forward to 2007.[22] The trial continued until the referendum, held on 16 May 2009.[23] The result was another rejection of DST, by a larger margin compared to the three previous referendums. Although as previously the suburbs of the state capital, Perth, supported the proposal, it was by a much narrower margin than before with significant swings against it in several areas, most notably in the East Metropolitan region. As a result, the then Premier Colin Barnett said that the DST issue should not be considered for at least another 20 years.[24]

Despite this, in September 2016 the Daylight Saving Party was established by brothers Brett and Wilson Tucker to contest seats in the Legislative Council at the upcoming 2017 state election. Tucker argued that in the seven years since the last referendum there had been a generational shift in Western Australia and that the fifth referendum would be successful.[25] The party won 0.68% of the vote, or 9,209 votes statewide, but failed to win any seat in the Legislative Council. Wilson Tucker went on to win a seat in the Legislative Council at the 2021 election with only 0.18% of the primary vote.

The Northern Territory experimented with daylight saving in the early part of the 20th century. It was last used in 1944.

In September 2020, Monash University Professor of Diabetes Paul Zimmet claimed that the switch to daylight saving time caused an increase in heart attacks, road accidents, workplace accidents, and cognitive dysfunction, and could amplify the health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews responded that daylight saving would be part of the forthcoming summer season.[26]

Daylight saving was widely believed to be introduced as a consumer spending initiative by local councils and tourism boards throughout New South Wales.[citation needed]

See also

Sources

  • Pearce, C. (2017) "Daylight saving time in Queensland", Queensland History Journal 23 (6) 389–403.

References

  1. ^ Pearce, C. (2017). "History of daylight saving time in Queensland". Queensland History Journal. 23 (6): 389–403.
  2. ^ "Daylight Saving Time – Implementation". Bom.gov.au. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  3. ^ "Time zone in Sydney". Daylight Saving Time. timeanddate.com. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  4. ^ "Daylight Saving in Victoria (Victoria Online)". Vic.gov.au. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  5. ^ a b "1992 Queensland Daylight Saving Referendum". Retrieved 25 July 2010.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Queensland Parliamentary Library; Research Brief No 2010/22 – Mary Westcott (July 2010). "1992 Daylight Saving in Queensland" (PDF). pp. 15, 19. Retrieved 29 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Daylight Saving Petition". Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  8. ^ "Daylight saving cancer claim disputed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 24 October 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
  9. ^ "Queensland Government-commissioned Daylight Saving Research" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  10. ^ a b "Total Candidates Nominated for Election by Party – 2009 State Election". Electoral Commission of Queensland (ECQ). Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  11. ^ "The Political Mouse that Roared". 16 April 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  12. ^ a b "Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010" (PDF). 14 April 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  13. ^ "Queensland Government Daylight Saving for South East Queensland survey". Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  14. ^ "Queensland Government Daylight Saving for South East Queensland decision". Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  15. ^ a b "Daylight saving silence 'deafening'". 16 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  16. ^ "Microsoft Word - D01 Daylight Saving Bill _No. 2_ 2006 _175-1B_.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  17. ^ Daylight Saving Act 1971 No. 8159 (Vic.) for the summer of 1971/72; Summer Time Act 1972 No. 8297 (Vic.) since summer 1972
  18. ^ Australian Government – Bureau of Meteorology. "Daylight Saving Time – Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia". Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  19. ^ "Daylight Saving group launched as new Qld political party". ABC News. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  20. ^ Western Australian Electoral Commission (2005). "Referendums/Referendum Results". Archived from the original on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  21. ^ Jessica Strutt (24 March 2007). "Daylight saving support sinks". The West Australian. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  22. ^ Brendon Grylls (27 February 2007). "The Nationals give Parliament notice of daylight saving Bill" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  23. ^ ABC News (2009). "WA to vote on daylight saving". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  24. ^ The West Australian (2009). "Daylight saving issue dead for next 20 years: Premier". Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  25. ^ "Daylight Saving Party formed to push for fifth Western Australian referendum – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. November 2016.
  26. ^ Foster, Ally (17 September 2020). "Multiple health risks linked to daylight saving time". News.com.au. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

External links

This page was last edited on 11 April 2024, at 14:04
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