To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Asarum
Asarum caudatum (western wild ginger)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Subfamily: Asaroideae
Genus: Asarum
L.
Type species
Asarum europaeum
Species

See text

Asarum is a genus of plants in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, commonly known as wild ginger.

Asarum is the genitive plural of the Latin āsa (an alternate form of āra) meaning altar or sanctuary.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    708
    1 114
    642
    1 504
    557
  • Plant Review: Asarum splendens
  • Gardening Unplugged - Asarum in the Garden with Tony Avent
  • Plant review: Asarum 'Ling Ling'
  • Asarum Europaeum || Allen’s Keynotes || Well Explained
  • George Vithoulkas ~ Asarum Europaeum

Transcription

Description

Asarum is a genus of low-growing herbs distributed across the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, with most species in East Asia (China, Japan, and Vietnam) and North America, and one species in Europe. Biogeographically, Asarum originated in Asia.

They have characteristic kidney-shaped leaves, growing from creeping rhizomes, and bear small, axillary, brown or reddish flowers.

The plant is called wild ginger because the rhizome tastes and smells similar to ginger root, but the two are not particularly related. The FDA warns against consuming Asarum, as it is nephrotoxic and contains the potent carcinogen aristolochic acid.[1][2] [3] The birthwort family also contains the genus Aristolochia, known for carcinogens.

Wild ginger favors moist, shaded sites with humus-rich soil. The deciduous, heart-shaped leaves are opposite, and borne from the rhizome which lies just under the soil surface. Two leaves emerge each year from the growing tip. The curious jug-shaped flowers, which give the plant an alternate name, little jug, are borne singly in spring between the leaf bases.

Wild ginger can easily be grown in a shade garden, and makes an attractive groundcover.

Asarum europaeum flower

Taxonomy

Traditionally, the genus Asarum was considered as a single genus with about 85 species. However, a trend exists among some botanists to segregate the genus into separate genera, based on considerations of chromosome number and floral morphology:

  • Asarum sensu stricto (about 17 species), distributed in Asia (mainly China), North America, and Europe
  • Heterotropa (about 50 species), distributed in Asia
  • Asiasarum (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Geotaenium (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Hexastylis (ten species), distributed in North America

Study of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, combined with morphological data, has yielded a better-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, supporting a recognition of two subgenera, Asarum and Heterotropa each containing two sections, rather than the segregated genera above.[4]

  • Asarum sensu stricto (s.s.) : the North American species are monophyletic and are derived from within the paraphyletic Asian species group.
  • Geotaenium is a sister to Asarum s.s., showing its close relationship to Asarum s.s..
  • Asiasarum is a sister to the Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade, showing several synapomorphies with this clade.
  • Hexastylis: this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.[5] However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that Hexastylis is not monophyletic and that some species of Hexastylis are more closely related to Asiatic species of Heterotropa than they are to other species of Hexastylis. The recognition of Hexastylis has likely persisted due to regional botanists' contrasting the morphology of that section with the regionally co-occurring Asarum canadense, which is the sole species of Asarum subgenus Asarum in the southeastern United States. However, the morphological character states used to support the recognition of section Hexastylis at the generic level are plesiomorphic. For example, Blomquist [6] provides an enumeration of character states supporting Hexastylis, all of are plesiomorphic with respect to one or another Asarum lineage. The presence of persistent, variegated leaves is often invoked by amateur botanists as a characteristic unique to section Hexastylis amongst North American Asarum species, however Asarum marmoratum, an Asarum Subgenus Asarum species found in the western United States also has persistent and variegated leaves (see Calflora page for detailed photographs)
  • Heterotropa: this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the Asiasarum + Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade.

.

Species

  • Asarum arifolium
  • Asarum asperum
  • Asarum bashanense
  • Asarum campaniflorum
  • Asarum canadense
  • Asarum caudatum
  • Asarum caudigerellum
  • Asarum caudigerum
  • Asarum caulescens
  • Asarum chengkouense
  • Asarum chinensis
  • Asarum controversum
  • Asarum crassisepalum
  • Asarum crassum
  • Asarum crispulatum
  • Asarum debile
  • Asarum delavayi
  • Asarum dimidiatum (synonym of Asiasarum dimidiatum)
  • Asarum epigynum (synonym of Geotaenium epigynum)
  • Asarum europaeum
  • Asarum forbesii (synonym of Heterotropa forbesii)
  • Asarum fukienense
  • Asarum geophilum (synonym of Geotaenium geophilum)
  • Asarum gusuk
  • Asarum hartwegii
  • Asarum hayatanum
  • Asarum heterotropoides (synonym of Asiasarum heterotropoides)
  • Asarum himalaicum
  • Asarum hongkongense
  • Asarum hypogynum
  • Asarum ichangense
  • Asarum inflatum
  • Asarum insignis
  • Asarum kooyanum
  • Asarum lemmonii
  • Asarum leptophyllum
  • Asarum longerhizomatosum
  • Asarum macranthum
  • Asarum magnificum
  • Asarum majale
  • Asarum marmoratum
  • Asarum maruyamae
  • Asarum maximum
  • Asarum mikuniense
  • Asarum minus
  • Asarum mitoanum
  • Asarum nanchuanense
  • Asarum nobilissimum
  • Asarum petelotii
  • Asarum porphyronotum
  • Asarum pulchellum
  • Asarum renicordatum
  • Asarum rosei
  • Asarum sagittarioides
  • Asarum senkakuinsulare
  • Asarum sieboldii (synonym of Asiasarum sieboldii)
  • Asarum splendens
  • Asarum taipingshanianum
  • Asarum tohokuense
  • Asarum tongjiangense
  • Asarum wagneri
  • Asarum wulingense
  • Asarum yunnanense (synonym of Geotaenium yunnanse)

Uses

Wild ginger can be cooked in the same fashion as ginger root, and can also be candied or used to make medicine.[7]

References

  1. ^ Schaneberg BT, Applequist WL, Khan IA (October 2002). "Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of Asarum and Aristolochia". Pharmazie. 57 (10): 686–9. PMID 12426949.
  2. ^ "Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. April 11, 2001.
  3. ^ Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Lawrence M. Kelley (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) based on morphology and ITS sequences". American Journal of Botany. 85 (10): 1454–67. doi:10.2307/2446402. JSTOR 2446402. PMID 21684897.
  5. ^ H.L. Blomquist (1957). "A revision of Hexastylis of North America". Brittonia. 8 (4): 255–281. doi:10.2307/2804978. JSTOR 2804978. S2CID 34632340.
  6. ^ Blomquist
  7. ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 238. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.

External links

This page was last edited on 1 February 2024, at 09:41
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.