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Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty. It denotes a rank within the former Holy Roman Empire (962–1806), which was below that of Emperor and King but above that of a Grand Duke (debatably), Prince and Duke.[1]
The territory ruled by an Archduke or Archduchess was called an Archduchy. All remaining Archduchies ceased to exist in 1918.
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A Shot that Changed the World - The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand I PRELUDE TO WW1 - Part 3/3
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Cartoon
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assasination Movie
Transcription
As any schoolboy or schoolgirl knows, the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
in Sarajevo June 28, 1914 was the match that
touched off the conflagration of world war
one. This channel, the Great War, follows World War One week by week exactly 100 years later.
First,
I’d like to talk a little about Franz Ferdinand
himself, so here’s a very brief bio, but
there are loads of books about him if you
want to learn more.
first of
He was born in 1863, one of Austria’s 70
archdukes- it wasn’t called Austria-Hungary
yet. He became very wealthy just before he
reached his teens when his cousin died and
he was chosen to inherit a vast estate. Another
death in 1889 changed his destiny enormously-
the suicide of his cousin Crown Prince Rudolf.
This left Ferdinand’s father heir to the
throne of Austria-Hungary, but he immediately
renounced his position, leaving Franz Ferdinand
next in line to rule the empire. He was still
in this position when he died, by which time
emperor Franz Josef was 84 years old and Ferdinand
was 50.
If you read pretty much any bio, long or short,
of Franz Ferdinand, you’ll discover that
not a whole lot of people actually liked him.
Well, except his wife, the Duchess Sophia.
She was a Bohemian aristocrat, but without
actual royal blood, so the imperial house
made certain that neither Sophia nor any of
her children could inherit the throne.
This also meant that they weren’t much accepted
by the Austrian aristocracy, in spite of his
position as the next emperor, and a lot of
people went out of their way to treat the
Archduke and duchess like crap. One other
thing that every bio is sure to mention is
Ferdinand’s passion for hunting- he apparently
recorded over 250,000 creatures killed in
his 50 years on earth.
I suppose that’s really neither here nor
there, but what IS here AND there are Franz
Ferdinand’s beliefs. He was very conservative
and...
let’s just say “unenlightened” to be
polite.
He hated the Hungarians, he thought the Slavs
were less than humans, and he actually referred
to Serbs as “pigs”.
He was also very strongly Catholic, which
carried with it the anti-Jewish anti-Jesuit
baggage of the times. He did love his wife
with a great passion, though... and the preservation
of the Austrian Empire, and THAT is something
we’ll come back to in a few minutes.
Before that, let’s meet his assassin; Garvilo
Princip.
Princip was a member of the Young Bosnians,
one of several violent secret societies in
the Balkans, and one who decided to kill Franz
Ferdinand when he announced his June visit
to Bosnia in March 1914.
Okay, so in May, Princip and two associates
went to Belgrade, Serbia, where they were
provided with four pistols and six bombs by
the Black Hand,
and Princip had some
shooting practice in a city park.
That’s not especially relevant, I just thought
I’d like to point that out. People had shooting
practice in city parks back then.
So, at the end of May Princip and company
took an eight-day journey to Sarajevo, planning
to kill the Archduke. It’s important to
note that the Austrian authorities and the
Archduke himself were aware of the danger
of some sort of murder attempt, since these
sort of things were pretty commonplace in
the empire and especially in the Balkans.
Here’s a quote from Ferdinand the day he
began his journey to Sarajevo and his car
overheated,
"Our journey starts with an extremely promising
omen. Here our car burns and down there they
will throw bombs at us.”
So... the evening before they were supposed
to arrive in Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and
Sophia surprised everyone by turning up early,
just on impulse, and had a really nice time
wandering around the town, which was a pretty
exotic place back then, and later that evening
came one of the great foreshadowing moments
of all time; a member of the Bosnian parliament
who had urged Ferdinand and Sophia to cancel
the whole trip for reasons of safety, was
presented to Sophia, and she said this:
female voice over or actor’s voice over
image of Sophia: “Things do not always turn
out the way you say they will. Wherever we
have been, everyone, down to the last Serb,
has greeted us with such great friendliness,
politeness, and true warmth, that we are very
happy with our visit.”
So far, so good. Then the guy, who was named
Sunaric, answered,
“Your Highness, I pray to God that when
I have the honor of meeting you again tomorrow
night you can repeat those words.” Really.
Then they had a big banquet that night, and
late the next morning- coincidentally their
14th wedding anniversary- the archducal motorcade
left Sarajevo station.
No fewer than seven Young Bosnian hitmen were
deployed on the town’s bridges, one of which
the Archduke had to cross. One of the Young
Bosnians threw a bomb at his car, but it bounced
off the hood before it exploded, wounding
two of the Archduke’s men. The motorcade
drove on to the town hall and they listened
to a bunch of the usual speeches, and then
after that, Franz Ferdinand changed his plans.
He decided to visit the men who’d been hurt
by the bomb to see if they were okay, so he
wanted to go toward the hospital. But there
was a lot of confusion over the new route
and who’d been told what and who hadn’t,
so when the Archduke’s driver turned off
the Appel Quay, the general sharing Ferdinand’s
car told the driver no, no- back up and continue
on Appel Quay...
...so the driver stopped the car, which had
no functioning reverse gear, right next to
where Gavrilo Princip was standing.
So Princip raised
his pistol and fired twice from only a few
feet away. Sophie died instantly, and Franz
Ferdinand’s last words were “Sophie, Sophie,
don’t die- stay alive for our children.”
He died shortly after.
It’s pretty amazing when you think about
it that this whole enterprise could have possibly
succeeded. It was so incredibly amateurish,
and had the Austrian authorities taken any
precautions whatsoever... well, I mean, think
about it, there are loads of people who think
the Black Hand had more to do with it, but
you’d think they’d plan a little better,
or heck, plan AT ALL.
Anyhow, here were the immediate results: word
of the assassination spread instantly throughout
Europe, and in Bosnia by the end of July more
than 5,000 Serbs had been jailed, many of
whom were later hanged when the war broke
out. Princip was put in prison, being 27 days
to young to receive the death penalty under
Austrian law. Now, there were one or two European
leaders who were seriously worried about the
political consequences of the act, but most
of Europe reacted by thinking it was more
of the same- the usual Balkan business, another
Balkan killing. There was very little mourning,
even in Vienna, for the unloved Franz Ferdinand,
and his funeral service only lasted 15 minutes,
but there was one thing that became apparent
only years later....
You see, Princip, or the Serbs, or the Black
Hand, or whoever you like to say was behind
the killing, really really really got the
wrong guy.
Franz Ferdinand, for all his talk about Serbs
being pigs, or Russian autocracy being a good
model for the future, for all his backward
and outdated beliefs, had strong opinions
on two very important things; 1) in contrast
to most of the empire, he was absolutely against
any war with Russia, and stated repeatedly
that he would do anything in his power to
prevent it, and 2) since he put the empire
above his personal beliefs, and to make the
empire work once again, he was sympathetic
to the idea of making the bi-partite state
of Austria-Hungary into a tri-partite state
of Austria, Hungary, and a union of the Slavic
peoples as the third part of the empire.
So when a Serb killed Franz Ferdinand, it
was a killing that was not only against Serbian
interests, but since the Austrian Empire used
the killing as a justification to invade Serbia,
even if it meant war with Russia-
Princip killed the one and only person in
the empire who was determined and able to
prevent that war- Franz Ferdinand.
That was number 3 of our Great War Prelude to war Special. Now if you missed the first two episodes
you can klick here to watch both episode 1 and episode 2
The English word is first recorded in 1530, derived from Middle Frencharcheduc, a 15th-century derivation from Medieval Latinarchidux, from Latin archi- (Greekἀρχι-) meaning "authority" or "primary" (see arch-) and dux "duke" (literally "leader").[2]
"Archduke" (German: Erzherzog; Dutch: Aartshertog) is a title distinct from "Grand Duke" (French: Grand-Duc; Luxembourgish: Groussherzog; German: Großherzog), a later monarchic title borne by the rulers of other European countries (for instance, Luxembourg).
History
The Latin title archidux is first attested in reference to Bruno the Great, who ruled simultaneously as Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia in the 10th century, in the work of his biographer Ruotger. In Ruotger, the title served as an honorific denoting Bruno's unusual position rather than a formal office.[3]
The title was not used systematically until the 14th century, when the title "Archduke of Austria" was invented in the forged Privilegium Maius (1358–1359) by Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Rudolf originally claimed the title in the form palatinus archidux ("palatine archduke").[4] The title was intended to emphasize the claimed precedence (thus "Arch-") of the Duchy of Austria, in an effort to put the Habsburgs on an even level with the Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, as Austria had been passed over when the Golden Bull of 1356 assigned that dignity to the four highest-ranking secular Imperial princes and three Archbishops. Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV refused to recognise the title, as did all the other ruling dynasties of the member countries of the Empire. But Duke Ernest the Iron and his descendants unilaterally assumed the title of Archduke.
The archducal title was only officially recognized in 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, when the Habsburgs had solidified their grip on the throne of the de jure elected Holy Roman Emperor, making it de facto hereditary.[5][6] Despite that imperial authorization of the title, which showed a Holy Roman Emperor from the Habsburg dynasty deciding over a title claim of the Habsburg dynasty, many ruling dynasties of the countries which formed the Empire refused to recognize the title "Archduke". Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, who died in 1457, never got in his lifetime the imperial authorization to use it, and accordingly, neither he nor anyone in his branch of the dynasty ever used the title. Emperor Frederick III himself simply used the title "Duke of Austria", never Archduke, until his death in 1493. The title was first granted to Frederick's younger brother, Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463), who used it at least from 1458.
In 1477, Frederick III also granted the title of Archduke to his first cousin, Sigismund of Austria, ruler of Further Austria (German: Vorderösterreich). Frederick's son and heir, the future Emperor Maximilian I, started to use the title, but apparently only after the death of his wife Mary of Burgundy (d. 1482), as Archduke never appears in documents issued jointly by Maximilian and Mary as rulers in the Low Countries (where Maximilian is still titled "Duke of Austria"). The title appears first in documents issued under the joint rule of Maximilian and his son Philip in the Low Countries.
Archduke was initially borne by those dynasts who ruled a Habsburg territory—i.e., only by males and their consorts, appanages being commonly distributed to cadets. But these "junior" archdukes did not thereby become sovereign hereditary rulers, since all territories remained vested in the Austrian crown. Occasionally a territory might be combined with a separate gubernatorial mandate ruled by an archducal cadet.
The official use of titles of nobility and of all other hereditary titles, including Archduke, has been illegal in the Republic of Austria for Austrian citizens since the Law on the Abolition of Nobility (Gesetz vom 3. April 1919 über die Aufhebung des Adels, der weltlichen Ritter- und Damenorden und gewisser Titel und Würden). Thus those members of the Habsburg family who are residents of the Republic of Austria are simply known by their first name(s) and their surname Habsburg-Lothringen. However, members of the family who reside in other countries may or may not use the title, in accordance with laws and customs in those nations.
For example, Otto Habsburg-Lothringen (1912–2011), the eldest son of the last Habsburg Emperor, was an Austrian, Hungarian and German citizen. As he lived in Germany, where it is permitted to use hereditary titles as part of the civil surname (including indications of origin, such as von or zu), his official civil name was Otto von Habsburg (literally: Otto of Habsburg), whereas in Austria he was registered as Otto Habsburg.[5]
The King of Spain also bears the nominal title of Archduke of Austria as part of his full list of titles, as the Bourbon dynasty adopted all the titles previously held by the Spanish Habsburgs when they took over the Spanish throne. However, "Archduke" was never considered by the Spanish Bourbons as a substantial dignity of their own dynasty, but rather as a traditional supplementary title of the Spanish Kings since the days of the Habsburg dynasty on the royal throne (1516–1700). Hence, no member of the royal family other than the King bears the (additional) title of "Archduke".
The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family. Ferdinand, along with his wife, was assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914, which sparked World War I
^Schwenk, Peter. Brun von Köln (925–965). Sein Leben, sein Werk und seine Bedeutung (in German). Espelkamp: M. Leidorf. p. 41. ... man davon ausgehen muß, daß dieser Titel kein Amtstitel war. Dagegen sprit auch, daß außer Bruns Biograph Ruotger, Sigebert und Reiner keine andere Quelle den archidux-Titel erwähnt.
^Grzęda, Mateusz (2016). "»Das älteste selbstständige Bildnis der deutschen Kunst«: A Reconsideration of the Portrait of Rudolf IV". In Fleckner, Uwe; Hensel, Titia (eds.). Hermeneutik des Gesichts. Das Bildnis im Blick aktueller Forschung. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 132.
^ abcGenealogisches Hanbduch des Adels, Furstliche Hauser Band XIV. Limburg ad der Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke Verlag. 1991. pp. 91–93. ISBN3-7980-0700-4.
Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
The dictionary definition of archduke at Wiktionary
This page was last edited on 26 October 2020, at 23:07