Anti-British Struggle Committee

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǎng Jiǔ Gèjiè Tóngbāo Fǎnduì Gǎng Yīng Pòhài Dòuzhēng Wěiyuánhuì
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Góng Gáu Gokgaai Tùhngbāau Fáandeui Góng Yīng Bīkhoih Daujāng Wáiyùhnwúi
Jyutping	Gong² Gau² Gok³gaai³ Tung⁴baau¹ Faan²deoi³ Gong² Jing¹ Bik¹hoi⁶ Dau³zang¹ Wai²jyun⁴wui^6*2

Abbreviation

Traditional Chinese

鬥委會

Simplified Chinese

斗委会

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Dòu Wěi Huì
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Dau Wái Wúi
Jyutping	Dau³ Wai² Wui^6*2

The Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for the Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution, often shortened to the Struggle Committee, was a political committee established by pro-Chinese Communist Party (CCP) activists during the 1967 Hong Kong riots. It opposed the British colonial administration in Hong Kong. Yeung Kwong, the then chairman of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions, led the Struggle Committee as the chairman of a 17-member executive committee.

Although the colonial authorities blamed the Struggle Committee for a series of bombings during the 1967 riots, the group was operationally dysfunctional and failed to unite the anti-colonial movement in Hong Kong. Before being banned by the colonial authorities in September 1967, the Struggle Committee only held two meetings.

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Background and prelude to founding

Three labour strikes began in Hong Kong on 1 May 1967 (International Workers' Day), including one at Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, a factory producing artificial flowers in San Po Kong.^[1] Locals in the neighbourhood had long endured poor living conditions and neglect from the British colonial government. John Cooper, a British writer who was living in Hong Kong at the time, spoke to San Po Kong's susceptibility to civil unrest:^[1]

Street upon street of tall dilapidated buildings vied with each other for the limited space available, hundreds upon hundreds of hostile citizens lived out their lives in human rabbit warrens, plenty of workers were available to start a riot, plenty of workers' organisations existed to support it, and plenty of students would come along to give it political backing.

On 6 May, picketing workers clashed with management at Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, and police were subsequently brought in to forcefully end the unrest.^[1] Leftist newspapers in Hong Kong published scathing editorials about the incident the following morning. For example, an editorial by Ta Kung Pao criticised ethnic Chinese policemen for "beating [their] compatriots", describing them as "disgraceful" and urging them to "quickly repent".^[2]

The original labour disputes had morphed into city-wide political riots by 11 May. On the morning of that day, several pro-Chinese Communist Party (CCP) demonstrators marched around the city, carrying copies of Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and posters condemning the colonial government. They chanted communist slogans and sang Chinese revolutionary songs.^[1] In the afternoon, demonstrators attempted to breach into a number of factories, prompting a significant police response. In the evening, the demonstrations devolved into riots, as mobs of local youth joined the demonstrators in throwing stones and bottles at the police.^[1]

The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) announced its support for the demonstrators on 15 May, following a series of protests at colonial government buildings in Hong Kong and neighbouring Portuguese Macau. The PRC government condemned what it called the "sanguinary brutality and fascist atrocities of the British imperialists" and listed five demands of the colonial government in Hong Kong:^[3]

All the just demands put forward by Chinese residents and workers in Hong Kong must be immediately accepted.
All arrested individuals, including workers, cameramen, and journalists, must be set free immediately.
All fascist measures must cease.
All those responsible for the sanguinary atrocities must apologise to the victims and offer them compensation.
A guarantee must be given that there will be no repetition of similar incidents (i.e. the police response).

The CCP Central Committee's newspaper, the People's Daily, praised the demonstrators' "dauntless mettle" and warned the colonial authorities of "going against the historical trend".^[4] Hong Kong's then governor, David Trench, became increasingly concerned that the demonstrations were a preliminary attempt by the PRC to take control of the colony. At a press conference he stated, "[the demonstrators'] aim is to Macau us", a reference to the 12-3 incident in Macau, which saw the colony being placed under the de facto control of the PRC.^[5]

Founding

The pro-CCP Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) was responsible for organising formal demonstrations against the colonial government. To consolidate the movement, the FTU established the Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Workers from All Industries for the Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution on 12 May.^[6] Four days later, on 16 May, the FTU and a number of other pro-CCP groups founded the Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for the Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution, or Struggle Committee for short.^[7]^[8] The goal of creating the Struggle Committee was to establish a central command to lead the anti-colonial demonstrations.^[9] However, the group failed in this regard due to the colonial authorities' strict enforcement of its ban on public assemblies. One of the Struggle Committee's vice chairmen, Wong Kin-lap, commented on his group's inability to function:^[9]

The regulations put stringent restrictions on public assemblies. Under the circumstances, the committee could not meet at all, let alone take command of the struggle. Consequentially, everybody proceeded with the struggle in his own way without a centralised command and it did no good for the British Hong Kong authorities.

Operations

During the 1967 riots, the Struggle Committee led strikes in a number of industries, notably transportation, which reportedly involved up to 60,000 workers. It also organised protest marches on the Hong Kong governor's residence. To fund the group's activities, the PRC government gave US$3.3 million to the Struggle Committee through the state-controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions.^[10] The Struggle Committee received support not only from the PRC government, but also from the mainland Chinese population at large.^[11]

The colonial authorities blamed the Struggle Committee for the bombings which took place during the 1967 riots, and the Hong Kong Bar Association designated the group as a terrorist organisation on 8 September.^[12] The colonial government officially banned the Struggle Committee and order the arrests of its members on 12 September.^[13] Former members of the Struggle Committee denied the charges and asserted that the group was non-violent and ultimately an operational failure. Wong Kin-lap, a member of the executive committee, stated that the Struggle Committee followed the principle of acting "on just grounds, to our advantage, and with restraint" (有理，有利，有節), which he understood to mean non-violence.^[14] Liu Yat-yuen, another member of the executive committee, stated:^[15]

Some people thought the Struggle Committee directed the actions of the anti-British struggle, and even ordered the planting of bombs. It was a misunderstanding. People outside the leftist camp thought the struggle committee was a leading group for the riots, but it was only a nominal leading organisation or a 'united front' tool which did not even discuss the strategy for the struggle. The committee only held two meetings during the riots and had no grasp of what happened in the later stages of the disturbances.

The colonial authorities later discovered that radicals within the Xinhua News Agency's Hong Kong branch, which acted as the PRC's de facto embassy in the colony, were actually responsible for orchestrating the escalation in violence.^[14] The leadership of the Struggle Committee claimed that they had no knowledge of Xinhua's covert activities.^[15]

Organisation

The Struggle Committee had 104 members who elected a 17-member executive committee.^[14] The executive committee was chaired by FTU chairman Yeung Kwong.^[7]^[16] Its members were:^[17]

Yeung Kwong
Fei Yimin
Xie Honghui
Wong Kin-lap
Wang Kuancheng
Hu Jiu
Huang Yanfang
Wu Yi
Liu Xian
Guo Tianhai
Deng Chuan
Wong Fu-wing, Dick
Pan Desheng
Liu Yat-yuen
Ren Yizhi
Chen Hong
Tong Ping-ta

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Carroll 2007, p. 151.
^ Cheung 2009, p. 30.
^ Cheung 2009, pp. 34–35.
^ Cheung 2009, p. 36.
^ Cheung 2009, pp. 35–36.
^ Cheung 2009, p. 33.
^ ^a ^b Loh 2018, p. 107.
^ Broadbent & Brockman 2011, p. 346.
^ ^a ^b Cheung 2009, p. 91.
^ Lane 2019, p. 113.
^ Carroll 2007, p. 153: "Although many accounts of the 1967 disturbances portray them as being instigated almost solely by local Communists and Red Guards from Guangdong, the Anti-British Struggle Committee enjoyed strong support in China, both – at least in the early stages – from the central government and from the population at large."
^ Kung Sheung Daily News, 8 September 1967 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
^ Wah Kiu Yat Po, 12 September 1967 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
^ ^a ^b ^c Cheung 2009, p. 38.
^ ^a ^b Cheung 2009, p. 39.
^ Cheung & So 2015: "Yeung's unionist career was marked by the 1967 riots, during which he served as director of the Anti-British Struggle Committee."
^ Ta Kung Pao, 24 May 1967 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)).

Sources

Books

Broadbent, Jeffrey; Brockman, Vicky (7 January 2011). East Asian Social Movements: Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-09626-1.
Carroll, John Mark (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3.
Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (1 October 2009). Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-089-7.
Chin, Angelina (25 April 2023). Unsettling Exiles: Chinese Migrants in Hong Kong and the Southern Periphery During the Cold War. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55821-1.
Lane, Kevin P. (11 July 2019). Sovereignty And The Status Quo: The Historical Roots Of China's Hong Kong Policy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-31238-6.
Loh, Christine (1 November 2018). Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong (2nd ed.). Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8455-73-7.
Pepper, Suzanne (2008). Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-0877-4.

News articles

Chan, Chris King Chi (14 June 2013). "Strike! A Reminder of Past Labour Militancy in Hong Kong". Harbour Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Cheung, Gary; So, Peter (16 May 2015). "Veteran unionist Yeung Kwong, ringleader in 1967 Hong Kong riots, dies at 89". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
六七年香港暴動 [1967 Hong Kong riots]. RTHK (in Chinese (Hong Kong)).

This page was last edited on 20 March 2024, at 18:52

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