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BBC - Sacred Music - Bach and the Lutheran Legacy - Part 1/6
BWV 1032 - Flute Sonata in A Major (Scrolling)
BBC - Sacred Music - Bach and the Lutheran Legacy - Part 4/6
Transcription
The "Toccata and Fugue in D minor",
attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach,
is one of the most iconic and dramatic pieces
of music ever written.
Today, Bach..
is considered by many to be one of the greatest
composers in history.
Yet in reality,
he spent most his life working diligently
for the church,
unknown to anyone outside a small part of
Germany.
Bach was in many ways,
a one-man music factory.
He must often have felt undervalued because for
many years he produced for the church,
worked with the very highest quality,
week after week after week..
Bach spent most of his career writing
sacred music for the Lutheran church,
established,
just a hundred and fifty years earlier,
by another composer.
Martin Luther,
the monk who started the Protestant Reformation.
This is the story of how Martin Luther and
a century and a half of German music that followed him
would shape..
Bach's world,
and inspire him to create some of the most beautiful
music ever written.
In the past when people thought about Bach's choral
music, they usually imagined pieces written for massed
choirs,
and dozens of players.
In reality, of course, Bach was severely restricted in
the resources he had to play with,
he even drafted in friends to perform for free,
no 80-strong orchestras, and a 100+ choirs for him.
At the very most, he had a handful of players
and instrumentalist to work with.
This is St. George's Lutheran Church in London.
It opened in 1763, just thirteen
years after Bach's death.
Bach has become such a hugely important figure
in our musical landscape, his work has been...
performed an adapted in such a variety of ways.
It is good to remind ourselves...
...of what his music sounded like to him.
And it's in that style,
with just eight singers and a handful of period instruments,
that Harry Christophers and The Sixteen play his
music today.
During his lifetime,
Bach wrote over a thousand pieces of music,
and nearly two-thirds of these were works
he produced for the Lutheran church.
And this is where Bach worked during
the latter part of his life. At the Thomaskirche,
in Leipzig, in East Germany.
150 years earlier,
another composer came to this same church.
His ideas would not only have a radical impact on sacred music, but would also ultimately change the course
of western civilization.
Martin Luther, the catholic monk who kick
started the Protestant Reformation,
redefined the role of congregational singing,
even the part played by organ music,
within Christian worship.
Allowing the congregation to sing hymns
in their own language...
...was also a hugely significant tradition established
by him.
This is Eisenach, in Thuringia, East Germany.
In 1685, Bach was born here.
And today, Eisenach attracts scores of Bach enthusiasts
from all over the world.
This is the Bachhaus which is the world's first
museum dedicated to the composer. It was opened...
...in 1907.
The apricot-coloured house behind me is close to
where Bach was born and brought up which
was...
...somewhere around here, probably...
...behind the beer garden, we really don't know.
But Eisenach is famous for something else as
well.
For nearly a thousand years,
the town has been dominated...
...by the impressive Wartburg castle.
And it was here...
...that Martin Luther decided to do something that
would change the Christian faith forever.
At the start of the 16th century, the Catholic church...
...was by far the most powerful force in western
Europe.
At this time,
the German nation as such did not exist.
It was a series of independent principalities and
feudal states.
However, the real power lay in Rome...
...from where the Pope not only ruled on religious
matters,
but wielded huge influence over virtually every
aspect of political and cultural life.
In the beginning,
it was never Luther's intention to upset this
balance of power.
Luther was a Catholic monk who set out merely
to reform the church.
He ended up, however,
challenging the authority of the Pope himself.
In fact he ended up challenging pretty much
everything that the Catholic church stood for.
Not surprisingly,
Luther was excommunicated,
and when he came here to Wartburg in 1521,
he was in hiding.
And it was in this very room,
that he began the huge task of translating the
New Testament into German.
This was the first step to creating a standard
version of the German language.
Up until then, with the odd exception...
...all Bibles were written in either Greek or Latin,
...which have made them beyond the reach of the ordinary
people.
And although Luther wasn't the first to translate
the Bible,
...his version was to be the most significant.
Whilst he was working, Luther...
became convinced that the devil was in the
room with him and apparently he threw an inkwell at him.
But his translation was to prove revolutionary, not
just because now anyone who spoke German...
could read the Bible, the because it represented
a huge step...
towards the establishment of a single,
German identity.
Dürr studied musicology and Classical philology at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen from 1945 to 1950. He wrote his thesis about Bach's early cantatas.[1] From 1951 until his retirement in 1983 he was an employee of the Johann Sebastian Bach Institute in Göttingen, West Germany, from 1962 to 1981 its deputy director. His work involved collaboration with colleagues in East Germany.
He was a principal editor of the Neue Bach-Ausgabe, a project which was divided between the Johann Sebastian Bach Institute and the Bach-Archiv Leipzig in East Germany. From 1953 to 1974 Dürr was editor of the Bach-Jahrbuchh (Bach almanach), together with Werner Neumann, the founder and director of the Bach-Archiv Leipzig.
Dürr wrote standard works on the Bach cantatas (1971) and on The Well-Tempered Clavier, which are of interest not only to specialists, but also to the general public.[3][5] In 1957 he published in the Bach-Jahrbuch Zur Chronologie der Leipziger Vokalwerke J. S. Bachs. In 1988 his book on Bach's St John Passion, Die Johannes-Passion von Johann Sebastian Bach, he explored theological aspects as well as the four versions of the work.
Dating of Bach's works
Many of Bach's works have uncertain composition dates, and the standard catalogue, the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, is not a chronological one. Nevertheless, modern scholarship has been able to throw light on the chronology. Dürr's "painstaking work" changed the accepted chronology of Bach's works, especially his cantatas.[6]
The musicologist John Butt remarked:
If one had to single out the scholar who has done most to establish the new chronology of Bach's vocal works and who appears most often as an editor within the Neue Bach-Ausgabe, this would surely have to be Dürr.[7]
Selected publications
Johann Sebastian Bach. Die Kantaten. Bärenreiter, Kassel 1999. ISBN3-7618-1476-3
^He expanded his thesis Studien über die frühen Kantaten J. S. Bachs, originally published in Leipzig in 1951, in 1977. (Die Quellen der Bach-WerkeArchived 2016-08-13 at the Wayback Machine bach.gwdg.de)