ACM Computing Classification System

The ACM Computing Classification System (CCS) is a subject classification system for computing devised by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The system is comparable to the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organize subjects by area.

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History

The system has gone through seven revisions, the first version being published in 1964, and revised versions appearing in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1998, and the now current version in 2012.

Structure

It is hierarchically structured in four levels. For example, one branch of the hierarchy contains:

Computing methodologies

Artificial intelligence

Knowledge representation and reasoning

Ontology engineering

References

Coulter, Neal (1997), "ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times", Communications of the ACM, 40 (12), New York, NY, USA: ACM: 111–112, doi:10.1145/265563.265579, S2CID 42548816.
Coulter, Neal (chair); French, James; Glinert, Ephraim; Horton, Thomas; Mead, Nancy; Ralston, Anthony; Rada, Roy; Rodkin, Craig; Rous, Bernard; Tucker, Allen; Wegner, Peter; Weiss, Eric; Wierzbicki, Carol (January 21, 1998), "Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee" (PDF), Computing Reviews, New York, NY, USA: ACM: 1–5.
Mirkin, Boris; Nascimento, Susana; Pereira, Luis Moniz (2008), "Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System", in Eklund, Peter; Haemmerlé, Ollivier (eds.), Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008) (PDF), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 354, RWTH Aachen University, pp. 57–65.

External links

dl.acm.org/ccs is the homepage of the system, including links to four complete versions of the system:
- the 1964 version Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
- the 1991 version Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
- the 1998 version
- the current 2012 version.
The ACM Computing Research Repository uses a classification scheme that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.

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The 2012 version of the ACM classification has the following main categories.
General and reference	Document types • Cross-computing tools and techniques
Hardware	Printed circuit boards • Communication hardware, interfaces and storage • Integrated circuits • Very large scale integration design • Power and energy • Electronic design automation • Hardware validation • Hardware test • Robustness • Emerging technologies
Computer systems organization	Architectures • Embedded and cyber-physical systems • Real-time systems • Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks
Networks	Network architectures • Network protocols • Network components • Network algorithms • Network performance evaluation • Network properties • Network services • Network types
Software and its engineering	Software organization and properties • Software notations and tools • Software creation and management
Theory of computation	Models of computation • Formal languages and automata theory • Computational complexity and cryptography • Logic • Design and analysis of algorithms • Randomness, geometry and discrete structures • Theory and algorithms for application domains • Semantics and reasoning
Mathematics of computing	Discrete mathematics • Probability and statistics • Mathematical software • Information theory • Mathematical analysis • Continuous mathematics
Information systems	Data management systems • Information storage systems • Information systems applications • World Wide Web • Information retrieval
Security and privacy	Cryptography • Formal methods and theory of security • Security services • Intrusion/anomaly detection and malware mitigation • Security in hardware • Systems security • Network security • Database and storage security • Software and application security • Human and societal aspects of security and privacy
Human-centered computing	Human–computer interaction • Interaction design • Collaborative and social computing • Ubiquitous and mobile computing • Visualization • Accessibility
Computing methodologies	Symbolic and algebraic manipulation • Parallel computing methodologies • Artificial intelligence • Machine learning • Modeling and simulation • Computer graphics • Distributed computing methodologies • Concurrent computing methodologies
Applied computing	Electronic commerce • Enterprise computing • Physical sciences and engineering • Life and medical sciences • Law, social and behavioral sciences • Computer forensics • Arts and humanities • Computers in other domains • Operations research • Education • Document management and text processing
Social and professional topics	Professional topics • Computing/technology policy • User characteristics
Proper nouns: people, technologies and companies	Companies • Organizations • People in computing • Technologies

v t e Computer science
Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.
Hardware	Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very Large Scale Integration Systems on Chip (SoCs) Energy consumption (Green computing) Electronic design automation Hardware acceleration
Computer systems organization	Computer architecture Embedded system Real-time computing Dependability
Networks	Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service
Software organization	Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality
Software notations and tools	Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain-specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository
Software development	Control variable Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software engineering Software maintenance Programming team Open-source model
Theory of computation	Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computability theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics
Algorithms	Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Algorithmic efficiency Randomized algorithm Computational geometry
Mathematics of computing	Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Theoretical computer science
Information systems	Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval
Security	Cryptography Formal methods Security hacker Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security
Human–computer interaction	Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility
Concurrency	Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing
Artificial intelligence	Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence
Machine learning	Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation
Graphics	Animation Rendering Photograph manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling
Applied computing	Quantum Computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Differentiable computing Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video games Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management
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