To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Languages
Recent
Show all languages
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

The term Advanced IRB or A-IRB is an abbreviation of advanced internal ratings-based approach, and it refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions.

Under this approach the banks are allowed to develop their own empirical model to quantify required capital for credit risk. Banks can use this approach only subject to approval from their local regulators.

Under A-IRB banks are supposed to use their own quantitative models to estimate PD (probability of default), EAD (exposure at default), LGD (loss given default) and other parameters required for calculating the RWA (risk-weighted asset). Then total required capital is calculated as a fixed percentage of the estimated RWA.

• 1/5
Views:
11 533
1 599
1 011
6 340
5 131
• ✪ Membership Requirements for Institutional Review Boards (IRB)
• ✪ Institutional Review Board (IRB) Challenges in QI & Research
• ✪ SJSU IRB Workshop Part 1
• ✪ IPPCR 2016: Ethical Principles in Clinical Research
• ✪ Advanced Robotic Finishing - Innovation Award 2017 Finalist Spotlight

## Some formulae in internal-ratings-based approach

Some credit assessments in standardised approach refer to unrated assessment. Basel II also encourages banks to initiate internal ratings-based approach for measuring credit risks. Banks are expected to be more capable of adopting more sophisticated techniques in credit risk management.

Banks can determine their own estimation for some components of risk measure: the probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), exposure at default (EAD) and effective maturity (M). For public companies, default probabilities are commonly estimated using either the "structural model" of credit risk proposed by Robert Merton (1974) or reduced form models like the Jarrow-Turnbull model. For retail and unlisted company exposures, default probabilities are estimated using credit scoring or logistic regression, both of which are closely linked to the reduced form approach.

The goal is to define risk weights by determining the cut-off points between and within areas of the expected loss (EL) and the unexpected loss (UL), where the regulatory capital should be held, in the probability of default. Then, the risk weights for individual exposures are calculated based on the function provided by Basel II.

Below are the formulae for some banks’ major products: corporate, small-medium enterprise (SME), residential mortgage and qualifying revolving retail exposure. S being Min(Max(Sales Turnover,5),50 )

In the formulas below,

### Corporate Exposure

The exposure for corporate loans is calculated as follows[1]

#### Correlation

${\displaystyle R=AVC\cdot {\Bigl (}0.12\cdot {\frac {1-e^{-50\cdot PD}}{1-e^{-50}}}+0.24\cdot \left(1-{\frac {1-e^{-50\cdot PD}}{1-e^{-50}}}\right){\Biggr )}}$
AVC[2] (Asset Value Correlation) was introduced by the Basel III Framework, and is applied as following :
• ${\displaystyle AVC=1.25}$ if the company is a large regulated financial institution (total asset equal or greater to US \$100 billion) or an unregulated financial institution regardless of size
• ${\displaystyle AVC=1}$ else

${\displaystyle b=(0.11852-0.05478\cdot \ln(PD))^{2}}$

#### Capital requirement

${\displaystyle K=LGD\cdot \left[N\left({\sqrt {\frac {1}{1-R}}}\cdot G(PD)+{\sqrt {\frac {R}{1-R}}}\cdot G(0.999)\right)-PD\right]\cdot {\frac {1+(M-2.5)b}{1-1.5b}}}$

#### Risk-weighted assets

${\displaystyle RWA=K\cdot 12.5\cdot EAD}$

### Corporate exposure adjustment for SME

For small and medium enterprises with annual Sales Turnover below 50 million euro, the correlation may be adjusted as follows:[3]

#### Correlation

${\displaystyle R=0.12\cdot {\frac {1-e^{-50\cdot PD}}{1-e^{-50}}}+0.24\cdot \left(1-{\frac {1-e^{-50\cdot PD}}{1-e^{-50}}}\right)-0.04\cdot (1-{\frac {\max(S-5,0)}{45}})}$

In the above formula, S is the enterprise's annual sales turnover in millions of euro.

### Residential mortgage exposure

The exposure related to residential mortgages can be calculated as this[4]

#### Correlation

${\displaystyle R=0.15}$

#### Capital Requirement

${\displaystyle K=LGD\cdot \left[N\left({\sqrt {\frac {1}{1-R}}}\cdot G(PD)+{\sqrt {\frac {R}{1-R}}}\cdot G(0.999)\right)-PD\right]}$

#### Risk-weighted assets

${\displaystyle RWA=K\cdot 12.5\cdot EAD}$

### Qualifying revolving retail exposure (credit card product)

The exposure related to unsecured retail credit products can be calculated as follows:[5]

#### Correlation

${\displaystyle R=0.04}$

#### Capital Requirement

${\displaystyle K=LGD\cdot \left[N\left({\sqrt {\frac {1}{1-R}}}\cdot G(PD)+{\sqrt {\frac {R}{1-R}}}\cdot G(0.999)\right)-PD\right]}$

#### Risk-weighted assets

${\displaystyle RWA=K\cdot 12.5\cdot EAD}$