Legislature of Quebec Législature du Québec | |
---|---|
Fourth Legislature, 1878 - 1881 | |
![]() | |
Type | |
Type | |
Houses | Legislative Council Legislative Assembly |
Term limits | Four years, subject to earlier dissolution. |
History | |
Founded | July 1, 1867 |
Preceded by | Third Legislature of Quebec, 1875-1878 |
Succeeded by | Fifth Legislature of Quebec, 1881-1886 |
Leadership | |
Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal) (1878-1879) Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (Conservative) (1879-1882) | |
Arthur Turcotte (Independent Conservative) (1878-1882) | |
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (Conservative) (1878-1879) Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (1879-1882) Liberal | |
Structure | |
Seats | Legislative Council: 24 Legislative Assembly: 65 |
Legislative Council political groups | Conservatives 21 Liberals 2 Vacant 1 |
Legislative Assembly political groups | Conservatives 32 Liberals 31 Independent Conservatives 2 |
Elections | |
Legislative Council voting system | Life appointments |
Legislative Assembly voting system | Single member constituencies First-past-the-post voting Secret ballot Adult male franchise with property qualification |
Constitution | |
British North America Act, 1867 |
The Fourth Legislature of Quebec was the provincial legislature of Quebec, Canada that existed from 1878 to 1881, following the general election of 1878.
The 1878 election was called by Premier Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party, after he had been installed in office by the Lieutenant Governor Luc Letellier de St-Just. The Lieutenant Governor had dismissed the former Conservative Premier, Charles Boucher de Boucherville, over a dispute about railway legislation proposed by the Boucher de Boucherville government.
Since the Liberals did not have a majority in the Legislative Assembly, Joly de Lotbinière called an election immediately. The election resulted in a hung parliament, with neither party having a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Joly de Lotbinière was able to stay in office for one year with a minority government, supported by two Independent Conservatives, but lost a confidence vote in 1879. The Quebec Conservative Party led by Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau then formed a majority government for the remainder of the term of the Legislature.
The Legislature held four annual sessions, with the first session called on June 4, 1878. The Legislature was dissolved on November 7, 1881, leading to the 1881 general election on December 2, 1881.
YouTube Encyclopedic
-
1/2Views:422 6762 244
-
Legal System Basics: Crash Course Government and Politics #18
-
Fundamental rights or horses racing on drugs
Transcription
Hi, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Civics and today we're gonna look at the basics of a system that affects all our lives: the law. And no, we're not going to be talking about the laws of thermo-dynamics. That's Hank's show. Though we will be bringing the heat, ha! The law affects you even if you never committed a crime because there's so much more to the legal system than just criminal justice, and even though we're going to focus mainly on courts, the law is everywhere. If you don't believe me, read the user license on your next new piece of software, or if you fly anywhere read the back of your plane ticket. Hopefully won't be more entertaining than what you're watching now, but that's examples of the law. In general, courts have three basic functions, only one of which you probably learned about in your history class. The first thing that courts do is settle disputes. In pre-modern history (which is way easier to understand than post-modern history), kings performed this function, but as states got bigger and more powerful it became much easier to have specialized officials decide important issues like who owned the fox you caught on someone else's land. Or what does the fox say, which was disputed a lot back then. The second thing the courts do is probably the one you heard about in school, or on television, or perhaps while studying for the standardized test, and that's interpret the laws. This becomes increasingly important when you actually try to read laws, or when you realize that legislators are often not as they might be when writing laws in the first place. Take a look at the Affordable Care Act. There are a few famous careless errors in that. Finally courts create expectations for future actions. This is very important if you want to do business with someone. If you know that you'll be punished for cheating a potential business client, you're less likely to do it. Still you might, 'cause there are a lot of jerks out there who would. Are you one of them? Don't be! At the same time if you know that people will be punished for cheating you you're more likely to do business. And it's courts that create the expectation that business will be conducted fairly. Interpreting the laws can help this too, since the interpretations are public and they set expectations that everyone can understand and know what the law means and how it applies and then world peace. No more law breaking ever. The first thing to remember about courts in the U.S. is that most legal action, if it occurs in court at all, occurs in state court. And if it occurs at night, it occurs in Night Court. Because this is mainly a series about federal government, and not Indiana government or sitcoms about court in New York, I'm going to focus mainly on the federal court system which has four main characteristics. One, the federal court system is separate from the other branches of government. The executive could do the job, just like kings used to but we have separation of powers so we don't have to be at the mercy of kings. Have you seen Game of Thrones? Two, the federal courts are hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the top and turtles all the way down. Nope -- not turtles -- sorry I meant lower courts. What this means is that when a lower court makes a decision it can be appealed to a higher court that can either affirm or overturn the lower court's decision. The third feature of federal courts is that they are able to perform judicial review over laws passed by Congress and state legislatures, and over executive actions. And the fourth aspect of federal court system is that you should know that the federal judges are appointed for life, and their salaries can't be reduced. This is to preserve their independence from politics. Sounds like a pretty sweet deal. Remember when I told you that the legislature makes the laws? Well, that was true, but it's also not the whole story. Legislatures both state and national make laws and these written laws are called statutes. In continental Europe those are pretty much all the laws they have. Statutes. Statutes everywhere! And statues. That place is filled with art. They had the Renaissance there, y'know? But in the U.S. and England, which is where we got the idea, we have something called common law, which consists of the past decisions of courts that influence future legal decisions. The key to common law is the idea that a prior court decision sets a precedent that constrains future courts. Basically if one court makes a decision, all other courts in the same jurisdiction have to apply that decision, whether they like it or not. The collection of those decisions by judges becomes the common law. I don't have to have a reason to punch the eagle. I should probably point out what courts actually do and explain that there are two different types of courts that can make civil law. What differentiates the two types of courts is their jurisdiction, which basically means the set of cases that they're authorized to decide. Trial courts are also called courts of original jurisdiction. These are the ones you see on TV and they actually do two things. First, they hear evidence and determine what actually happened when there's a dispute. This is called deciding the facts of the case. Not everything that happened or that may be important qualifies as a fact in a court case. Those are determined by the rules of evidence, which are complicated and would really slow down an episode of Law and Order. After the trial court hears the facts of a case it decides the outcome by applying the relevant law. What law they apply will depend on statutes and in some cases what other courts have said in similar situations. In other words the common law. You might have noticed that I've been referring to courts, not judges or juries, because not all trials have juries. Bench trials have only a judge who determines the facts and the law. Besides, who decides what in a court case isn't really that important. More than 90% of cases never go to court by the way, they just get settled by lawyers out of court. But say you actually go to court and you lose. Naturally, you'd be upset. Especially if you're a sore loser, like me. Shut up. You have a choice. You can give up and go back to your normal, loser life or you can appeal the trial court decision to a higher court. An appeals court that has, you guessed it, appellate jurisdiction. Did you actually guess that? That'd be amazing. Appeals courts don't hear facts -- who wants those -- they just decide questions of law so you don't have to bring witnesses or present evidence, just arguments. In most cases, if you want to bring a successful appeal, you need to show that there was something wrong with the procedure of your trial. Maybe the judge allowed the jury to hear evidence they shouldn't have heard, maybe one of the jurors was a cyborg. Here's the way that these courts connect to what I was saying before about common and statutory law. Most common law is made by appeals courts. And because appeals courts have larger jurisdiction than trial courts, appeals decisions are much more important than trial court decisions. So now I'm going to talk about the three types of law, and it's gonna get confusing. We should probably go to the Thought Bubble for some nice, compelling, intriguing animations. The two main types of law are basically the Bruce Banner of law. They're the criminal law and civil law, but they can sometimes morph into the Incredible Hulk of laws: public law. "Public law, smash abuse of government authority!" If you watch TV or movies, or read John Grisham novels, you're probably familiar with criminal law. Criminal laws are almost always statutes written by legislatures, which means that there is an actual law for you to break. In most states the criminal laws are called the penal codes. In a criminal dispute -- and it's a dispute because the government says you broke the law and you will say you didn't -- the government is called the prosecution and the person accused of committing the crime is called the defendant. Almost all criminal cases happen at the state level and for this reason it's hard to know exactly what is or what is not a crime in each state. Although murder is a crime everywhere. There are also some federal crimes like tax evasion, mail fraud, and racketeering. If you're suing someone or being sued, you're in the realm of civil law. Civil cases arise from disputes between individuals, or between individuals and the government, when one party, the plaintiff, claims that the other party, the defendant, has caused an injury that can be fixed or remedied. If the plaintiff proves his or her case the defendant must pay damages. If you lose a civil case you don't go to prison or jail in most circumstances, but you may end up losing lots of money, and that sucks. I love money. Cases about contracts, property, and personal injuries, also called torts, are examples of civil law. So under certain circumstances a civil or criminal case can become public law. This happens when either the defendant or plaintiff can show that the powers of government or the rights of citizens under the Constitution or federal law is involved in the case. Also if the law gets exposed to gamma rays. "Law, smash!" For example, in a criminal case where the defendant claims that the civil rights were violated by the police, the decision can become public law. Thanks Thought Bubble. So those are the basics of the court system in the U.S. And you can see that there's a lot to keep straight. There are types of courts, basically trial courts and appeals courts, on both the state and federal level. And there are types of laws, basically statutory and common laws. The fact that we have both state and federal statutory law is an example of federalism in action. The U.S. unlike most other nations has both statutory and common law, but most of the time when we're talking about federal laws we're in the realm of statutes, or maybe the Constitution. When you study American government, most of the cases you read about are examples of appeals and of public law. How this all works in practice is even more complicated. And the adaptability of the American legal fabric allows statutes to stretch to fit the growing and changing American society. Much like Bruce Banner's incredibly elastic pants. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next time. I'm getting angry! Oh no! Ahhhh! I'm not wearing elastic pants! Oh no! Ahhhhh! Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support for Crash Course Government comes from Voqal. Voqal supports non profits that use technology and media to advance social equity. Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org. Crash Course is made with the help of these Incredible Hulks. Thanks for watching. Rarrrr!
Structure of the Legislature
The Legislature of Quebec was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.[1] The Lieutenant Governor was appointed by the Governor General of Canada for a term of five years.[2] The Legislative Assembly consisted of sixty-five members, elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post elections.[3] The Legislative Assembly was to last for four years, subject to being dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor.[4] The Legislative Council consisted of twenty-four members, appointed for life by the Government of Quebec.[5]
Elections and qualifications
Right to vote
The right to vote in elections to the Legislative Assembly was not universal. Only male British subjects (by birth or naturalisation), aged 21 or older, were eligible to vote, and only if they met a property qualification. For residents of larger cities, the qualification was being the owner or occupant of real property assessed at three hundred dollars or more, or for tenants, an annual rent of thirty dollars or more. For any other municipality, the qualification was being an owner or occupant of real property assessed at two hundred dollars or more, or twenty dollars in annual value. For tenants in smaller centers, the qualification was paying an annual rent of twenty dollars or more.[6]
Women were completely barred from voting.[6]
Judges and many municipal and provincial officials were also barred from voting, particularly officials with law enforcement duties, or duties relating to public revenue.[7] The Returning Officer in each riding was also barred from voting, except when needed to give a casting vote in the event of a tie vote.[8]
Qualification for the Legislative Assembly
Candidates for election to the Legislative Assembly had to meet stricter qualifications than voters. In addition to being male, twenty-one or older, and a subject of Her Majesty (by birth or naturalisation), a candidate had to be free from all legal incapacity, and be the proprietor in possession of lands or tenements worth at least $2,000, over and above all encumbrances and charges on the property.[9]
Women were completely barred from membership in the Assembly.[9]
Qualification for the Legislative Council
The qualifications for the members of the Legislative Council were the same as for the members of the Senate of Canada.[10] Those requirements were:
- Be of the full age of thirty years;
- Be a British subject, either natural-born or naturalised;
- Possess real property in Quebec worth at least $4,000, over and above any debts or incumbrances on the property;
- Have a net worth of at least $4,000, over and above debts and liabilities;
- Reside in Quebec;
- Reside in, or possess his qualifying real property, in the division he was named to represent.[11]
The provisions of the British North America Act, 1867 did not explicitly bar women from being called to the Senate of Canada. However, until the Persons Case, it was assumed that women could not be called to the Senate, and were thus also barred from the Legislative Council. In any event, no woman was ever appointed to the Legislative Council.[12]
Events of the Fourth Legislature
The initial lack of a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly for either party led to political instability for the first eighteen months of the term of the Fourth Legislature. The Liberal government of Premier Joly de Lotbinière depended on the support of the two Independent Conservatives. The Liberals agreed to elect one of the two independents, Arthur Turcotte, as Speaker of the Assembly, a highly coveted position. Given the narrow majority and factiousness within the Liberal caucus itself, Joly de Lotbinière's government was uncertain of support from vote to vote in the Assembly, which affected his ability to implement major legislation. Several times, his government only stayed in office by a vote from Turcotte as Speaker.[13] Joly de Lotbinière's government was also supported from time to time by William Evan Price, who was nominally a Conservative but often voted in support of the government.[14]
On the Conservative side, the former house leader of the party in the Legislative Assembly, Auguste-Réal Angers, lost his seat in the general election. This event badly weakened the authority of the leader of the party, former premier Boucher de Boucherville, who sat in the unelected Legislative Council. He was forced to cede the leadership of the party to Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, who became the Leader of the Opposition.[15]
The next event was the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor Luc Letellier de Saint-Just by the new federal Conservative government of Sir John A. Macdonald. Conservatives in Quebec, led by Chapleau, had been pressuring Macdonald to dismiss Letellier de Saint-Just as soon as the Macdonald government had defeated Alexander Mackenzie's Liberal government in the 1878 federal election.[16] Macdonald replaced Letellier de Saint-Just with an equally partisan Conservative, Théodore Robitaille.[17][13]
By the fall of 1879, Joly de Lotbinère's government was badly weakened. A proposal to abolish the Legislative Council as an austerity measure resulted in a revolt in the Legislative Council. Urged by Chapleau, the Council refused to pass the provincial budget.[16] Chapleau attracted the support of five Liberal members of the Legislative Assembly, who crossed the floor and joined the Conservatives, giving Chapleau a majority in the Assembly.[13][18] On October 29, 1879, the Assembly passed a motion calling for a coalition government, essentially a motion of non-confidence, by a vote of 35 to 29.[18] Joly de Lotbinière was confident that he could win an election on the issues. He advised the new Lieutenant Governor, Robitaille, to dissolve the Assembly and call a general election.[17] On October 30, 1879, Robitaille refused the dissolution.[18] Joly de Lotbinière resigned and the Lieutenant Governor called on Chapleau to form a government.[17] The Chapleau government was sworn in on October 31, 1878.[18] Since he now had a working majority, Chapleau did not call an election, instead leading the Conservative government for the remaining term of the Legislature. Like the Conservatives the previous year, the Liberals accused the Lieutenant Governor of performing a coup d'état.[17]
Legislative Assembly
Party standings
The 1878 election returned a hung parliament. Neither party initially had a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The Conservatives had one seat more than the Liberals, but there were also two independent Conservatives. With their support, Premier Joly de Lotbinière was initially able to stay in office.
Affiliation | Members | |
---|---|---|
Conservative Party | 32 | |
Liberal Party | 31 | |
Independent Conservative | 2 | |
Total |
65 | |
Liberal Majority |
1 |
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The following candidates were elected to the Legislative Assembly in the 1878 election.[19] The Premiers of Quebec are indicated by Bold italics. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is indicated by small caps. Cabinet Ministers are indicated by Italics.
Reasons for Vacancies
- ^ Election annulled, November 30, 1880.[20]
- ^ Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[21]
- ^ Election annulled, April 30, 1879.[22]
- ^ Resigned due to ill-health, February 13, 1880.[14][23]
- ^ Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[24]
- ^ Died in office, May 10, 1880.[25]
- ^ Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[26]
- ^ Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[27]
- ^ Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879.[28]
- ^ Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879.[29]
- ^ Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Resigned seat on being appointed judge of the Sessions of the Peace, January 16, 1880.[30]
- ^ Election annulled, May 21, 1879.[31]
- ^ Died in office, November 3, 1878.[32]
- ^ Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[33]
- ^ Appointed Premier of Quebec on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.[34]
- ^ Election annulled by the Superior Court, June 8, 1878.[35]
By-elections
There were fourteen by-elections during the term of the Fourth Legislature.[19][36] Premier of Quebec is indicated by bold italics. Cabinet ministers are indicated by italics.
Name | Party | Riding | Reason for Vacancy | By-election Date | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Honoré Mercier | Liberal | Saint-Hyacinthe | Incumbent died in office. | June 3, 1879 | |
Flavien-Guillaume Bouthillier | Liberal | Rouville | Election of incumbent annulled. | June 18, 1879 | |
Raymond Préfontaine | Liberal | Chambly | Election of incumbent annulled. | June 26, 1879 | |
Achille Larose | Liberal | Verchères | Election of incumbent annulled. | July 17, 1879 | |
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau | Conservative | Terrebonne | Appointed Premier of Quebec, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation. | November 13, 1879 | |
Louis-Onésime Loranger | Conservative | Laval | Appointed to Cabinet, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation. | November 13, 1879 | |
William Warren Lynch | Conservative | Brome | Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. | November 20, 1879 | |
Étienne-Théodore Pâquet | Conservative | Lévis | Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. | November 20, 1879 | |
Joseph Gibb Robertson | Conservative | Sherbrooke | Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation. | November 20, 1879 | |
Edmund James Flynn | Conservative | Gaspé | Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation. | December 6, 1879 | |
Joseph Parent | Liberal | Rimouski | Incumbent appointed to the Sessions of the Peace | March 3, 1880 | |
Joseph-Élisée Beaudet | Conservative | Chicoutimi-Saguenay | Incumbent resigned due to ill health. | March 27, 1880 | |
Joseph Marion | Conservative | L'Assomption | Incumbent died in office. | June 4, 1880 | |
Joseph Robillard | Conservative | Berthier | Election in the general election annulled. | December 30, 1880 |
Legislative Council
Party standings
The Conservatives had a strong majority in the Legislative Council throughout the Fourth Legislature.
Party | Members | |
---|---|---|
Conservatives | 21 | |
Liberals | 3 | |
Total: | 24 | |
Conservative Majority: | 18 |
Members during the Fourth Legislature
The Speakers of the Legislative Council are indicated by small caps. Cabinet members are indicated by italics.
Vacancies of less than one month are not shown.
† Died in office.
Executive Council during the Fourth Legislature
There were two different ministries during the term of the Fourth Legislature, under Premiers Joly de Lotbinière (1878-1879) and Chapleau (1879-1881).
Fourth Quebec Ministry: Joly de Lotbinière Cabinet (1878 - 1879)
![](/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HenriGustaveJolydeLotbiniere23.jpg/110px-HenriGustaveJolydeLotbiniere23.jpg)
Following the election of 1878, Joly de Lotbinière retained much of his Cabinet in the new Legislature, but carried out a Cabinet shuffle the next year, in 1879. In 1879, Joly de Lotbinière appointed Honoré Mercier to cabinet, even though Mercier did not initially have a seat in the Legislative Assembly.[37] The resignation of Alexandre Chauveau on September 12, 1879 marked the beginning of the dissolution of the Joly de Lotbinière government. Chauveau would join the Conservatives a month later, along with four other Liberals who crossed the floor and voted to defeat the government on October 29, 1879. When the Lieutenant Governor refused a dissolution, the government resigned on October 30, 1879. The Chapleau government was sworn in the next day.[18]
Position | Minister | Term Start | Term End |
---|---|---|---|
Premier and President of the Executive Council | Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière | 1878 | 1879 |
Agriculture and Public Works | Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière | 1878 | 1879 |
Attorney General | David Alexander Ross | 1878 | 1879 |
Crown lands | François Langelier | 1878 | 1879 |
Félix-Gabriel Marchand | 1879 | ||
Secretary and Registrar | Félix-Gabriel Marchand | 1878 | 1879 |
Alexandre Chauveau | 1879 | ||
Solicitor General | Alexandre Chauveau | 1878 | 1879 |
Honoré Mercier** | 1879 | ||
Speaker of the Legislative Council | Henry Starnes* | 1878 | 1879 |
Treasurer | Pierre Bachand | 1878 | 1879 |
François Langelier | 1879 | ||
* Member of the Legislative Council **Appointed minister without seat in the Legislature |
Fifth Quebec Ministry: Chapleau Cabinet (1879-1882)
![](/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau.jpg/110px-Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau.jpg)
Following the defeat of the Joly de Lotbinière government on a confidence vote on October 29, 1879, the Chapleau government was sworn in on October 31, 1879.
Position | Minister | Term Start | Term End |
---|---|---|---|
Premier and President of the Executive Council | Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau | 1879 | 1882 |
Agriculture and Public Works | Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau | 1879 | 1881 |
John Jones Ross* | 1881 | 1882 | |
Élisée Dionne* | 1882 | ||
Attorney General | Louis-Onesime Loranger | 1879 | 1882 |
Crown lands | Edmund James Flynn | 1879 | 1882 |
Railways | Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau | 1881 | |
John Jones Ross* | 1881 | 1882 | |
William Warren Lynch | 1882 | ||
Secretary and Registrar | Étienne-Théodore Pâquet | 1879 | 1882 |
Solicitor General | William Warren Lynch | 1879 | 1882 |
Treasurer | Joseph Gibb Robertson | 1879 | 1882 |
Jonathan Saxton Campbell Würfele | 1882 | ||
Speaker of the Legislative Council | John Jones Ross* | 1879 | 1882 |
Pierre Boucher de la Bruère | align=center|1882 | ||
* Member of the Legislative Council |
Leaders of the Opposition
There were two leaders of the Opposition during the Fourth Legislature. Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau was leader for the first eighteen months of the Legislature, from May 1878 to October 1879. When Premier Joly de Lotbinière resigned and was replaced by Chapelau, Joly de Lotbinière became leader of the Opposition for the remainder of the term of the Legislature, to 1882.[38]
Legislative sessions
The Legislature had four annual sessions:
- First session: June 4, 1878 to July 20, 1878, with thirty-six sitting days.
- Second session: June 19, 1879 to October 31, 1879, with fifty-seven sitting days.
- Third session: May 28, 1880 to July 24, 1880 with thirty-nine sitting days.
- Fourth session: April 28, 1881 to June 30, 1881, with forty-five sitting days.
The Legislature was dissolved on November 7, 1881.[39]
References
- ^ British North America Act, 1867 [now known as the Constitution Act, 1867], s. 71.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 58.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 80.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 85.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 72.
- ^ a b The Quebec Election Act, RSQ 1875, c. 7, s. 8.
- ^ The Quebec Election Act, s. 11.
- ^ The Quebec Election Act, s. 205.
- ^ a b The Quebec Election Act, s. 124.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 73.
- ^ British North America Act, 1867, s. 23.
- ^ Quebec National Assembly: Les membres du Conseil législatif (par divisions).
- ^ a b c Hamelin, Marcel (1994). "Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri-Gustave". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b Tremblay, Victor (1972). "Price, William Evan". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Munro, Kenneth (1998). "Boucher de Boucherville, Sir Charles". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b Désilets, Andrée (1990). "Chapleau, Sir Joseph-Adolphe". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b c d Desjardins, Marc (1990). "Robitaille, Théodore". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b c d e Quebec National Assembly: Chronologie parlementaire depuis 1791 (1878-1879).
- ^ a b Quebec National Assembly: Les résultats électoraux depuis 1867.
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph Robillard
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: William Warren Lynch
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Michel-Dosithée-Stanislas Martel
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Wiliam Evan Price
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Edmund James Flynn
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Onuphe Peltier
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Louis-Onésime Loranger
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Étienne-Théodore Pâquet
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Ernest Racicot
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Louis-Napoléon Fortin
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Alexandre Chauveau
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Solime Bertrand
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Pierre Bachand
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph Gibb Robertson
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau
- ^ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Jean-Baptiste Brousseau
- ^ Quebec National Assembly: Les élections partielles.
- ^ Quebec National Assembly: Cabinet Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal) (March 8, 1878 to October 31, 1879).
- ^ Quebec National Assembly: Les chefs de l'opposition officielle depuis 1869.
- ^ Quebec National Assembly: Les législatures et leurs sessions depuis 1867.
External links
![](/s/i/modif.png)