Elections to the Supreme Soviet were held in the Estonian SSR on 18 March 1990.[1] Altogether 392 candidates ran for the Soviet-style legislature's 105 seats, of which four were pre-allocated to the military districts of the Soviet Army. The pro-independence Popular Front won the plurality (43 seats). The coalition of the reformed Estonian communists, who favored independence but close relations with the USSR and were supported by Indrek Toome[2] who was running under the Free Estonia banner,[3] won 27 seats. The anti-independence, pro-Moscow "Joint Soviet of Work Collectives", representing mostly the ethnic Russian immigrant minority in Estonia, won 25 seats. During its first session, the new legislature elected the former Communist Party member Arnold Rüütel as its chairman, allowing him to stay as the nominal leader of Estonia (real powers mostly lay with the prime minister).
The elected parliament made some of the most important decisions in the modern Estonian history, such as the on 30 March 1990 declaration of a period of transition to restore full independence from the Soviet Union, and the 20 August 1991 declaration to confirm the restoration of the country's full independence.
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Electoral system
Members of the Supreme Soviet were elected in 42 single-member or multi-member constituencies. In the former constituencies deputies were elected by first-past-the-post vote, while in the latter deputies were elected by single transferable vote.[4]
The local elections three months earlier, in December 1989, were also held under STV, and served as a dress rehearsal[5] with the electoral law finally enacted on 4 December 1989.[6]
The choice of STV was the result of a debate on voting systems led by the influential Estonian political scientist and émigré Rein Taagepera, who penned articles in Edasi in 1988, published Seats and Votes in 1989, and gave conferences on the topic. STV was not, however, Taagepera's own preference, but was rather the result of a consensus driven by Peet Kask between the outgoing Communist local officials, who sought a system that favored their popular names over their unpopular party brand, and the principle of proportional representation favored by the new parties.[5]
Apportionment
The seats allocated were distributed as such:[6]
| Type of district | Number | Total members | Districts |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-seat districts | 3 | 15 | 1 - Tallinn 9 - Kohtla-Järve 36 - Rakvere |
| 4-seat districts | 5 | 20 | 5 - Tallinn 6 - Tallinn 27 - Jõgeva 41 - Viljandi 42 - Võru |
| 3-seat districts | 13 | 39 | 2, 7, 8 - Tallinn 21, 22 - Tartu 23 - Haapsalu 25 - Harju 28 - Kingissep 29 - Kohtla-Järve 30 - Paide 31 - Polva 37 - Rapla 40 - Valga |
| 2-seat districts | 6 | 12 | 4 - Tallinn 15 - Pärnu 24 - Harju 26 - Hiiumaa 38 - Tartu 39 - Tartu |
| 1-seat districts | 15 | 15 | 3 - Tallinn 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 - Narva 16, 17 - Pärnu 18, 19, 20 - Sillamäe 32, 33, 34, 35 - Pärnu |
| Soviet Armed Forces | 4 | 4 | |
| Total | 46 | 105 |
- 1 - Tallinn (5)
- 2 - Tallinn (3)
- 3 - Tallinn (1)
- 4 - Tallinn (2)
- 5 - Tallinn (4)
- 6 - Tallinn (4)
- 7 - Tallinn (3)
- 8 - Tallinn (3)
- 9 - Kohtla-Järve (5)
- 10 - Narva (1)
- 11 - Narva (1)
- 12 - Narva (1)
- 13 - Narva (1)
- 14 - Narva (1)
- 15 - Pärnu (2)
- 16 - Pärnu (1)
- 17 - Pärnu (1)
- 18 - Sillamäe (1)
- 19 - Sillamäe (1)
- 20 - Sillamäe (1)
- 21 - Tartu (3)
- 22 - Tartu (3)
- 23 - Haapsalu (3)
- 24 - Harju (2)
- 25 - Harju (3)
- 26 - Hiiumaa (2)
- 27 - Jõgeva (4)
- 28 - Kingissep (3)
- 29 - Kohtla-Järve (3)
- 30 - Paide (3)
- 31 - Polva (3)
- 32 - Pärnu (1)
- 33 - Pärnu (1)
- 34 - Pärnu (1)
- 35 - Pärnu (1)
- 36 - Rakvere (5)
- 37 - Rapla (3)
- 38 - Tartu (2)
- 39 - Tartu (2)
- 40 - Valga (3)
- 41 - Viljandi (4)
- 42 - Võru (4)
Results
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Popular Front of Estonia | 43 | |||
| Communist Party of Estonia–Free Estonia | 27 | |||
| Joint Soviet of Work Collectives | 25 | |||
| Independents | 10 | |||
| Total | 105 | |||
| Total votes | 911,203 | – | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,164,603 | 78.24 | ||
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, VVK[7] | ||||
See also
References
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p574 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Silver, Brian D.; Titma, Mikk (1996). "Support for an Independent Estonia". International Journal of Sociology. 26 (2): 3–24. doi:10.1080/15579336.1996.11770136. JSTOR 20628474.
- ^ Payerhin, Marek (2016-09-02). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. ISBN 9781475828979.
- ^ Eesti NSV / Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu XII koosseis. Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu, 29.03.1990–29.09.1992. Tallinn, 2013
- ^ a b Grofman, Bernard; Mikkel, Evald; Taagepera, Rein (1999). "Electoral systems change in Estonia, 1989–1993". Journal of Baltic Studies. 30 (3): 227–249. doi:10.1080/01629779900000081. S2CID 143812929.
- ^ a b Núñez, Lidia; Jaakson, Lauri. "Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945: Estonia" (PDF). Electoral System Change in Europe Since 1945.
- ^ "Elections and Referendums in Estonia 1989-1999". Estonian National Electoral Committee. 2008-11-17.
This page was last edited on 4 August 2023, at 17:46