In March 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, president of Pakistan, visited the Soviet Union to help normalize formal relations between the two countries.[1][2][3] Bhutto engaged in substantive discussions with Soviet leaders in Moscow, including meeting with Chairman Alexei Kosygin and Secretary-General Leonid Brezhnev.[4][5]
Even before being elected on a socialist platform in 1971, Bhutto had spoken of the necessity of independent foreign policy and stronger relations with the Soviet Union, which had been fractured during the direct war with India and the Indo-Soviet Treaty.[6]
The meeting was marked as a reconciliation between the states and as a restoration of industrial co-operation. It also signaled a wider shift towards an independent foreign policy, in particular to reduce Pakistan's dependence on the United States.[7]
Held from 2 March till 5 March 1972, the meeting also strengthened trade between the two states. Trade was increased from 36.2 million rubles (Рубль) to 92.3 million rubles.[8] The repercussions of Bhutto's visit were vast, including the ₨.4.5 billion worth of Pakistan Steel Mills established in Karachi, the Guddo Thermal Power Plant, and Pakistan's official departure from the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).[9][10]
In 1974, Bhutto again visited Moscow as part of a goodwill mission, aimed at strengthening ties.[11][12] That visit yielded mixed results: the Pakistan Steel Mills were established and inaugurated in 1985; however, the closer ties with China, difficulties with India and Afghanistan, and the discovery of Soviet arms negatively impacted relations between Pakistan and Soviet Union.[10] Relations between the two countries would quickly sour after Bhutto was deposed and executed by the pro-American General Zia ul Haq, who aligned Pakistan with the US in support of the Afghan Mujahideen to resist the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979–1988.
References
- ^ Gupta 1975, pp. 86–88.
- ^ Snyder & Jervis 1991, p. 60.
- ^ Syed 1974, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Snyder & Jervis 1991, pp. 66–67
- ^ Syed 1974, p. 1771-173
- ^ Racioppi 1994, pp. 90–92.
- ^ Haroon, Faraz. "Bhutto in Moscow". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ Racioppi 1994, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Korson 1974, pp. 70–74.
- ^ a b Staff works. "Bhutto in Soviet Union". bhutto.org/. PPP press release. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ "Russian-Pakistan relations". rusconsulkarachi.mid.ru/. Russian consular-general. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ Raza 1997.
Further reading
- Racioppi, Linda (1994). "Stability and Change". Soviet policy towards South Asia since 1970 (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 225. ISBN 0521414571 – via Google Books.
- Gupta, Shyam Ratna (1975). India: A Study in Futurism. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 101. ISBN 0883868245.
- Gerges, James Wynbrandt ; foreword by Fawaz A. (2008). A brief history of Pakistan. New York: Facts on File. p. 320. ISBN 978-0816061846.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Korson, J. Henry, ed. (1974). Contemporary problems of Pakistan. Leiden: Brill. p. 147. ISBN 9004039422. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Bhutto Soviet Union 1972.
- Raza, Rafi (1997). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan : 1967–1977 (2nd ed.). Karachi: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0195776973.
- Snyder, Jack; Jervis, Robert, eds. (1991). Dominoes and bandwagons strategic beliefs and great power competition in the Eurasian rimland. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0195362764.
- Syed, Anwar Hussain (1974). China & Pakistan : diplomacy of an entente cordiale. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 245. ISBN 087023160X.
Media archives
- "Z.A. Bhutto in Moscow 1972". PTV archives. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
This page was last edited on 24 February 2024, at 05:23