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The New Deal: Crash Course US History #34
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History Brief: Daily Life in the 1930s
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The United States Marine Corps Celebrates It's 160th Birthday (1935) | War Archives
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The Dust Bowl: Darkness in the Great Depression
Transcription
Episode 34 – The New Deal Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse U.S. history, and today we’re going to get a little bit controversial, as we discuss the FDR administration’s response to the Great Depression: the New Deal. That’s the National Recovery Administration, by the way, not the National Rifle Association or the No Rodents Allowed Club, which I’m a card-carrying member of. Did the New Deal end the Depression (spoiler alert: mehhh)? More controversially, did it destroy American freedom or expand the definition of liberty? In the end, was it a good thing? Mr. Green, Mr. Green. Yes. Ohh, Me from the Past, you are not qualified to make that statement. What? I was just trying to be, like, provocative and controversial. Isn’t that what gets views? You have the worst ideas about how to make people like you. But anyway, not EVERYTHING about the New Deal was controversial. This is CrashCourse, not TMZ. intro The New Deal redefined the role of the federal government for most Americans and it led to a re-alignment of the constituents in the Democratic Party, the so-called New Deal coalition. (Good job with the naming there, historians.) And regardless of whether you think the New Deal meant more freedom for more people or was a plot by red shirt wearing Communists, the New Deal is extremely important in American history. Wait a second. I’m wearing a red shirt. What are you trying to say about me, Stan? As the owner of the means of production, I demand that you dock the wages of the writer who made that joke. So after his mediocre response to the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover did not have any chance of winning the presidential election of 1932, but he also ran like he didn’t actually want the job. Plus, his opponent was Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was as close to a born politician as the United States has ever seen, except for Kid President. The phrase New Deal came from FDR’s campaign, and when he was running FDR suggested that it was the government’s responsibility to guarantee every man a right to make a comfortable living, but he didn’t say HOW he meant to accomplish this. Like, it wasn’t gonna come from government spending, since FDR was calling for a balanced budget and criticizing Hoover for spending so much. Maybe it would somehow magically happen if we made alcohol legal again and one thing FDR did call for was an end to Prohibition, which was a campaign promise he kept. After three years of Great Depression, many Americans seriously needed a drink, and the government sought tax revenue, so no more Prohibition. FDR won 57% of the vote and the Democrats took control of Congress for the first time in a decade. While FDR gets most of the credit, he didn’t actually create the New Deal or put it into effect. It was passed by Congress. So WTFDR was the New Deal? Basically, it was a set of government programs intended to fix the depression and prevent future depressions. There are a couple of ways historians conceptualize it. One is to categorize the programs by their function. This is where we see the New Deal described as three R’s. The relief programs gave help, usually money, to poor people in need. Recovery programs were intended to fix the economy in the short run and put people back to work. And lastly, the Run DMC program was designed to increase the sales of Adidas shoes. No, alas, it was reform programs that were designed to regulate the economy in the future to prevent future depression. But some of the programs, like Social Security, don’t fit easily into one category, and there are some blurred lines between recovery and reform. Like, how do you categorize the bank holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933, for example? FDR’s order to close the banks temporarily also created the FDIC, which insures individual deposits against future banking disasters. By the way, we still have all that stuff, but was it recovery, because it helped the short-term economy by making more stable banks, or was it reform because federal deposit insurance prevents bank runs? A second way to think about the New Deal is to divide it into phases, which historians with their A number one naming creativity call the First and Second New Deal. This more chronological approach indicates that there has to be some kind of cause and effect thing going on because otherwise why would there be a second New Deal if the first one worked so perfectly? The First New Deal comprises Roosevelt’s programs before 1935, many of which were passed in the first hundred days of his presidency. It turns out that when it comes to getting our notoriously gridlocked Congress to pass legislation, nothing motivates like crisis and fear. Stan can I get the foreshadowing filter? We may see this again. So, in a brief break from its trademark obstructionism, Congress passed laws establishing the Civilian Conservation Corps, which paid young people to build national parks, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Glass Stegall act, which barred commercial banks from buying and selling stocks, and the National Industrial Recovery Act. Which established the National Recovery Administration, which has lightening bolts in its claws. The NRA was designed to be government planners and business leaders working together to coordinate industry standards for production, prices, and working conditions. But that whole public-private cooperation idea wasn’t much immediate help to many of the starving unemployed, so the Hundred Days reluctantly included the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, to give welfare payments to people who were desperate. Alright. Let’s go to the ThoughtBubble. Roosevelt worried about people becoming dependent on relief handouts, and preferred programs that created temporary jobs. One section of the NIRA created the Public Works Administration, which appropriated $33 billion to build stuff like the Triborough Bridge. So much for a balanced budget. The Civil Works Administration, launched in November 1933 and eventually employed 4 million people building bridges, schools, and airports. Government intervention reached its highest point however in the Tennessee Valley Authority. This program built a series of dams in the Tennessee River Valley to control floods, prevent deforestation, and provide cheap electric power to people in rural counties in seven southern states. But, despite all that sweet sweet electricity, the TVA was really controversial because it put the government in direct competition with private companies. Other than the NIRA, few acts were as contentious as the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The AAA basically gave the government the power to try to raise farm prices by setting production quotas and paying farmers to plant less food. This seemed ridiculous to the hungry Americans who watched as 6 million pigs were slaughtered and not made into bacon. Wait, Stan, 6 million pigs? But…bacon is good for me... Only property owning farmers actually saw the benefits of the AAA, so most African American farmers who were tenants or sharecroppers continued to suffer. And the suffering was especially acute in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado, where drought created the Dust Bowl. All this direct government intervention in the economy was too much for the Supreme Court. In 1936 the court struck down the AAA in U.S. v. Butler. Earlier in the Schechter Poultry case (AKA the sick chicken case - finally a Supreme Court case with an interesting name) the court invalidated the NIRA because its regulations “delegated legislative powers to the president and attempted to regulate local businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce.”[1] Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So with the Supreme Court invalidating acts left and right, it looked like the New Deal was about to unravel. FDR responded by proposing a law that would allow him to appoint new Supreme Court justices if sitting justices reached the age of 70 and failed to retire. Now, this was totally constitutional – you can go ahead at the Constitution, if Nicolas Cage hasn’t already swiped it – but it seemed like such a blatant power grab that Roosevelt’s plan to “pack the court” brought on a huge backlash. Stop everything. I’ve just been informed that Nicolas Cage stole the Declaration of Independence not the Constitution. I want to apologize to Nic Cage himself and also everyone involved in the National Treasure franchise, which is truly a national treasure. Anyway, in the end, the Supreme Court began upholding the New Deal laws, starting a new era of Supreme Court jurisprudence in which the government regulation of the economy was allowed under a very broad reading of the commerce clause. Because really isn’t all commerce interstate commerce? I mean if I go to Jimmy John’s, don’t I exit the state of hungry and enter the state of satisfied? Thus began the Second New Deal shifting focus away from recovery and towards economic security. Two laws stand out for their far-reaching effects here, the National Labor Relations Act, also called the Wagner Act, and the Social Security Act. The Wagner Act guaranteed workers the right to unionize and it created a National Labor Relations Board to hear disputes over unfair labor practices. In 1934 alone there were more than 2,000 strikes, including one that involved 400,000 textile workers. Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document? Man, I wish there were a union to prevent me from getting electrocuted. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document. And I’m usually wrong and get shocked. “Refusing to allow people to be paid less than a living wage preserves to us our own market. There is absolutely no use in producing anything if you gradually reduce the number of people able to buy even the cheapest products. The only way to preserve our markets is an adequate wage.” Uh I mean you usually don’t make it this easy, but I’m going to guess that it’s Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Dang it! Eleanor Roosevelt? Eleanor. Of course it was Eleanor. Gah! The most important union during the 1930s was the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which set out to unionize entire industries like steel manufacturing and automobile workers. In 1936 the United Auto Workers launched a new tactic called the sit-down strike. Workers at the Fisher Body Plant in Flint, Michigan simply stopped working, sat down, and occupied the plant. Eventually GM agreed to negotiate, and the UAW won. Union membership rose to 9 million people as “CIO unions helped to stabilize a chaotic employment situation and offered members a sense of dignity and freedom.”[2] That quote, by the way, is from our old buddy Eric Foner. God, I love you, Foner. And unions played an important role in shaping the ideology of the second New Deal because they insisted that the economic downturn had been caused by underconsumption, and that the best way to combat the depression was to raise workers’ wages so that they could buy lots of stuff. The thinking went that if people experienced less economic insecurity, they would spend more of their money so there were widespread calls for public housing and universal health insurance. And that brings us to the crowning achievement of the Second New Deal, and/or the crowning achievement of its Communist plot, the Social Security Act of 1935. Social Security included unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, aid to poor families with children, and, of course, retirement benefits. It was, and is, funded through payroll taxes rather than general tax revenue, and while state and local governments retained a lot of discretion over how benefits would be distributed, Social Security still represented a transformation in the relationship between the federal government and American citizens. Like, before the New Deal, most Americans didn’t expect the government to help them in times of economic distress. After the New Deal the question was no longer if the government should intervene, but how it should. For a while, the U.S. government under FDR embraced Keynesian economics, the idea that the government should spend money even if it means going into deficits in order to prop up demand. And this meant that the state was much more present in people’s lives. I mean for some people that meant relief or social security checks. For others, it meant a job with the most successful government employment program, the Works Progress Administration. The WPA didn’t just build post offices, it paid painters to make them beautiful with murals, it paid actors and writers to put together plays, and ultimately employed more than 3 million Americans each year until it ended in 1943. It also, by the way, payed for lots of photographers to take amazing photographs, which we can show you for free because they are owned by the government so I’m just going to keep talking about how great they are. Oh, look at that one, that’s a winner. Okay. Equally transformative, if less visually stimulating, was the change that the New Deal brought to American politics. The popularity of FDR and his programs brought together urban progressives who would have been Republicans two decades earlier, with unionized workers - often immigrants, left wing intellectuals, urban Catholics and Jews. FDR also gained the support of middle class homeowners, and he brought African Americans into the Democratic Party. Who was left to be a Republican, Stan? I guess there weren’t many, which is why FDR kept getting re-elected until, you know, he died. But, fascinatingly, one of the biggest and politically most important blocs in the New Deal Coalition was white southerners, many of whom were extremely racist. Democrats had dominated in the South since the end of reconstruction, you know since the other party was the party of Lincoln. And all those Southern democrats who had been in Congress for so long became important legislative leaders. In fact, without them, FDR never could have passed the New Deal laws, but Southerners expected whites to dominate the government and the economy and they insisted on local administration of many New Deal programs. And that ensured that the AAA and the NLRA would exclude sharecroppers, and tenant farmers, and domestic servants, all of whom were disproportionately African American. So, did the New Deal end the depression? No. I mean, by 1940 over 15% of the American workforce remained unemployed. But, then again, when FDR took office in 1933, the unemployment rate was at 25%. Maybe the best evidence that government spending was working is that when FDR reduced government subsidies to farms and the WPA in 1937, unemployment immediately jumped back up to almost 20%. And many economic historians believe that it’s inaccurate to say that government spending failed to end the Depression because in the end, at least according to a lot of economists, what brought the Depression to an end was a massive government spending program called World War II. So, given that, is the New Deal really that important? Yes. Because first, it changed the shape of the American Democratic Party. African Americans and union workers became reliable Democratic votes. And secondly, it changed our way of thinking. Like, liberalism in the 19th century meant limited government and free-market economics. Roosevelt used the term to refer to a large, active state that saw liberty as “greater security for the average man.” And that idea that liberty is more closely linked to security than it is to, like, freedom from government intervention is still really important in the way we think about liberty today. No matter where they fall on the contemporary political spectrum, politicians are constantly talking about keeping Americans safe. Also our tendency to associate the New Deal with FDR himself points to what Arthur Schlessinger called the “imperial presidency.” That is, we tend to associate all government policy with the president. Like, after Jackson and Lincoln’s presidencies Congress reasserted itself as the most important branch of the government. But that didn’t happen after FDR. But above all that, the New Deal changed the expectations that Americans had of their government. Now, when things go sour, we expect the government to do something. We’ll give our last words today to Eric Foner, who never Foner-s it in, the New Deal “made the government an institution directly experienced in Americans’ daily lives and directly concerned with their welfare.”[3] Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the help of all of these nice people. And it is possible because of your support at subbable.com. Here at Crash Course we want to make educational video for free, for everyone, forever. And that’s possible thanks to your subscription at subbable.com. You can make a monthly subscription and the price is up to you. It can even be zero dollars although more is better. Thanks so much for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. ________________ [1] Foner. Give me Liberty ebook version p. 870 [2] Foner. Give me Liberty ebook version p. 873 [3] Give me Liberty ebook version p. 898
Incumbents
Federal government
- President: Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-New York)
- Vice President: John Nance Garner (D-Texas)
- Chief Justice: Charles Evans Hughes (New York)
- Speaker of the House of Representatives: Joseph W. Byrns, Sr. (D-Tennessee)
- Senate Majority Leader: Joseph Taylor Robinson (D-Arkansas)
- Congress: 73rd (until January 3), 74th (starting January 3)
Events
January–March
- January 3 – The trial of Richard Hauptmann, accused of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., begins in Flemington, New Jersey.
- January 4 – Dry Tortugas National Park is established in the Florida Keys, United States.[1]
- January 11 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California.
- January 16 – The FBI kills the Barker Gang, including Ma Barker, in a shootout.
- January 19 – Coopers Inc. sells the world's first men's briefs, as "jockeys", in Chicago.
- February 7 – First known published use of the term "Ivy League".[2]
- February 13 – Richard Hauptmann is convicted and sentenced to death for the Lindbergh kidnapping.
- February 22 – Airplanes are banned from flying over the White House.
- February 23 – The classic Mickey Mouse cartoon The Band Concert is released by United Artists in the United States.
- February 27 – The 7th Academy Awards, hosted by Irvin S. Cobb, are presented at Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, with Frank Capra's It Happened One Night becoming the first film to win all of the top five award categories, including Outstanding Production and Best Director. Victor Schertzinger's One Night of Love receives the most nominations with six.
- March 2 – Porky Pig makes his debut in Looney Tunes's I Haven't Got a Hat.
- March 19 – Harlem riot of 1935: A race riot breaks out in Harlem (New York City), after a rumor circulates that a teenage Puerto Rican shoplifter in the S. H. Kress & Co. department store has been brutally beaten.
April–June
- April 1 – The North American NA-16, prototype of the North American T-6 Texan or Harvard flying trainer, flies for the first time.[3]
- April 14 – Dust Bowl: The great Black Sunday dust storm (made famous by Woody Guthrie in his "dust bowl ballads") hits hardest in eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma.
- April 16 – Fibber McGee and Molly debuts on NBC Radio.
- May 6 – New Deal: Executive Order 7034 creates the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
- May 24 – The first nighttime Major League Baseball game is played, between the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies at Crosley Field in Cincinnati.
- May 27 – Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (the "Sick Chicken Case"): The Supreme Court of the United States declares that the National Industrial Recovery Act, a major component of the New Deal, is unconstitutional.
- May 30 – Eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Babe Ruth appears in his last career game, playing for the Boston Braves in Philadelphia against the Phillies.
- May 30–June 2 – 1935 Republican River flood (called "Nebraska's Deadliest Flood")
- June – National Youth Administration established.[4]
- June 10 – Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio by Bill W. (William G. Wilson) and Dr. Dr. Bob (Smith).
- June 12–13 – Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking 151⁄2 hours and containing 150,000 words.[5]
- June 13 – James J. Braddock defeats Max Baer at Madison Square Garden Bowl in New York City to win the heavyweight boxing championship of the world.
July–September
- July 6 – The National Labor Relations Act becomes law.
- July 16
- The world's first parking meters are installed in Oklahoma City.
- Deportivo Saprissa is founded by Roberto Fernández in his shoe store in El Barrio Los Angeles in San José, Costa Rica.
- July 24 – The Dust Bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures in Chicago to a record-high 109 °F (43 °C)
- July 27 – Federal Writers' Project is established.
- August 2 – The USS Philadelphia (1776) is raised from Lake Champlain.
- August 5 – The Leo Burnett Advertising Agency opens in Chicago, Illinois.
- August 14 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law.
- August 15 – Humorist Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post are killed when Post's plane crashes shortly after takeoff near Barrow, Alaska.
- August 31 – As part of United States non-interventionism in the face of growing tensions in Europe, the first of the Neutrality Acts of 1930s is passed.
- September 2 – Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: The strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States makes landfall in the Upper Florida Keys killing 423. It is rated as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds.
- September 8
- Carl Weiss fatally wounds Huey Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana ("The Kingfish"), in a shooting at the Louisiana Capitol Building in Baton Rouge.
- Busby Berkeley is involved in three-car accident which kills three people and injures five, leading to charges of second-degree murder.
- September 23 – The Cleveland Torso Murderer begins a 3-year series of killings and beheadings around the Kingsbury Run district of Cleveland, Ohio; the perpetrator is never identified.
- September 24 – Earl W. Bascom and his brother Weldon produce the first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights at Columbia, Mississippi.
- September 30 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates Hoover Dam.
October–December
- October 7 - The Detroit Tigers defeat the Chicago Cubs, 4 games to 2, to win their first World Series Title.
- October 18 – The 6.5 Ms Helena earthquake affected the capital of Montana with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), causing widespread damage and two deaths. A high intensity aftershock claimed an additional two lives on October 31.
- November 8 – A dozen labor union leaders come together to announce the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), an organization charged with promoting the cause of industrial unionism in North America.
- November 15 – Historical Records Survey begins under the Works Progress Administration.[6] The then U.S. colony of the Philippines (Now independent) becomes a Commonwealth with Manuel Quezon as its president.[7]
- November 22 – The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean; the aircraft reaches its destination, Manila, and delivers over 110,000 pieces of mail.
- November 30 – The British-made film Scrooge, the first all-talking film version of Charles Dickens' classic A Christmas Carol, opens in the U.S. after its British release. Seymour Hicks plays Scrooge, a role he has played onstage hundreds of times. The film is criticized by some for not showing all of the ghosts physically, and quickly fades into obscurity. Widespread interest does not surface until the film is shown on television in the 1980s, in very shabby-looking prints. It is eventually restored on DVD.
- December 5 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women.
- December 9 – Newspaper editor Walter Liggett is killed in a gangland murder plot in Minneapolis.
- December 17 – Douglas DST, prototype of the Douglas DC-3 airliner, first flies. More than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.
- December 26 – Shenandoah National Park is established within the Virginia.
Undated
- The house Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is completed.
- 4 million members of trade unions in the U.S.
- Sacramento Credit Union is founded in California.
- The Melody Inn opens as a piano bar in Indianapolis.[8]
- American Institute of Public Opinion, as predecessor of Gallup Group, a management consulting and worldwide research management institution business, founded in New Jersey, United States.[9]
- The Grand Gennaro, an Italian-American novel is published.[10]
Ongoing
- Lochner era (c. 1897–c. 1937)
- Dust Bowl (1930–1936)
- New Deal (1933–1938)
- Great Depression (1929–1939)
Births
January
- January 2 – Jack Lemley, American architect (d. 2021)[11]
- January 3 – Millard Fuller, American lawyer, founder of Habitat for Humanity (d. 2009)[12]
- January 4 – Floyd Patterson, African-American heavyweight boxer (d. 2006)
- January 5 – Chuck Flores, American drummer (d. 2016)
- January 6
- Gerald R. Molen, American actor and producer
- Nino Tempo, American singer
- January 7
- Kenny Davern, American jazz clarinetist (d. 2006)
- Ducky Schofield, baseball player (d. 2022)
- January 8 – Elvis Presley, American rock & roll singer, guitarist and film actor (d. 1977)
- January 9
- Bob Denver, American actor (d. 2005)
- Dick Enberg, American sportscaster (d. 2017)
- Earl G. Graves Sr., African-American publisher (d. 2020)
- January 10
- Eddy Clearwater, African-American musician (d. 2018)
- Ronnie Hawkins, American rockabilly musician (d. 2022)
- Sherrill Milnes, American baritone
- January 11 – Walter Mears, journalist and author (d. 2022)[13]
- January 12 – The Amazing Kreskin, mentalist[14]
- January 13 – Rip Taylor, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)
- January 16
- Joyce Crouch, American politician (b. 2018).[15]
- Russ McCubbin, American actor (d. 2018)[16]
- A. J. Foyt, American race car driver
- January 17 – Ruth Ann Minner, American politician
- January 20
- Dorothy Provine, American singer, dancer, actress and comedian (d. 2010)
- Joan Weston, American roller derby racer (d. 1997)
- January 21 – Raye Montague, American naval engineer (d. 2018)
- January 22
- Seymour Cassel, American actor (d. 2019)
- Pete du Pont, American attorney, businessman, and politician, 68th governor of Delaware (d. 2021)
- January 25
- Conrad Burns, American politician (d. 2016)
- Steve Demeter, American baseball player, coach and manager (d. 2013)
- Don Maynard, American football player (d. 2022)[17]
- Richard M. Pollack, American mathematician (d. 2018)
- January 26
- Henry Jordan, American football player (d. 1977)
- Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer
- January 29 – Roger Payne, American zoologist (d. 2023)[18]
- January 30 – Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984)
- January 31 – Hal Lear, American basketball player (d. 2016)
February
- February 2 – Raven Wilkinson, American dancer (d. 2018)
- February 3
- Johnny "Guitar" Watson, African-American singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1996)
- Jody Williams, African-American blues musician (d. 2018)
- February 4 – Collin Wilcox, American actress (d. 2009)
- February 5 – Colin Robert Chase, academic (d. 1984)
- February 7 – Herb Kohl, American politician (d. 2023)
- February 10
- John Alcorn, American illustrator (d. 1992)
- Eddie Foy III, American actor, film director (d. 2018)
- February 11 – Gene Vincent, American guitarist, vocalist (d. 1971)
- February 12 – Gene McDaniels, African-American singer, songwriter (d. 2011)
- February 13
- Carol Jarecki, American chess organizer and writer (d. 2021)[19]
- Jacob Tanzer, American attorney (d. 2018)
- February 14 – Arnold Kopelson, American film producer (d. 2018)
- February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee, American astronaut (d. 1967)[20]
- February 16 – Sonny Bono, American singer, actor and politician (d. 1998)
- February 17
- Johnny Bush, American country music singer, songwriter and drummer (d. 2020)
- Sara Ruddick, born Sara Loop, American feminist philosopher (d. 2011)
- Ruth Seymour, American broadcasting executive (d. 2023)[21]
- Lucky Varela, American politician (d. 2017)
March
- March 1 – Robert Conrad, American actor (The Wild Wild West) (d. 2020)
- March 6 – Ralph Natale, American mobster (d. 2022)
- March 11 – Nancy Kovack, American actress
- March 13 – Leon Burton, American football player (d. 2022)
- March 15
- Jimmy Swaggart, American televangelist
- Judd Hirsch, American actor (Taxi)
- March 17 – Bonnie Cooper, American baseball player (d. 2018)
- March 19 – Charlie Hennigan, American football player (d. 2017)
- March 22 – M. Emmet Walsh, American actor (d. 2024)
- March 23 – Edgar S. Cahn, American law professor and author (d. 2022)
- March 24 – Walter Moody, American murderer (d. 2018)
- March 25 – Jim Miceli, American politician (d. 2018)
- March 27 – Stanley Rother, American Roman Catholic priest (d. 1981)
- March 28 – Jeanie Descombes, American professional baseball player
- March 30
- Willie Galimore, American football player (d. 1964)
- J. Willard Thompson, American racehorse trainer (d. 2018)
- March 31
- Herb Alpert, American trumpeter
- Judith Rossner, American novelist (d. 2005)
April
- April 3 – Harold Kushner, American rabbi and author (d. 2023)
- April 4 – Kenneth Mars, American actor (d. 2011)
- April 7
- Bobby Bare, American country singer, songwriter
- Hodding Carter III, American journalist and politician (d. 2023)
- April 8
- David DiChiera, American composer (d. 2018)
- Francis D. Moran, American admiral, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
- April 10 – Ken Squier, American motorsports broadcaster (d. 2023)
- April 11 – Nelson W. Aldrich Jr., author and editor (d. 2022)
- April 13 – Lyle Waggoner, American actor (d. 2020)
- April 14 – Katie Horstman, American female professional baseball player
- April 15 – Charles Fried, American lawyer (d. 2024)
- April 17 – Walt Kowalczyk, American football player (d. 2018)
- April 18 – Paul A. Rothchild, American record producer (d. 1995)
- April 21
- Charles Grodin, American actor, comedian, author and cable talk show host (d. 2021)
- Thomas Kean, Governor of New Jersey, 9/11 Commission Chairman
- Dolores Lee, American female professional baseball player
- April 22
- Paul Chambers, American jazz musician (d. 1969)
- Jerry Fodor, American philosopher, cognitive scientist (d. 2017)
- April 23
- Bunky Green, American jazz musician
- Charles Silverstein, American writer and LGBT activist (d. 2023)
- April 25 – Bob Gutowski, American athlete (d. 1960)
May
- May 2 – Lance LeGault, American actor (d. 2012)
- May 3 – Ron Popeil, American inventor and marketing personality (d. 2021)
- May 4 – Reginald Green, American development economist (d. 2021)[22]
- May 6 – Edward M. Abroms, American film editor (d. 2018)
- May 7 – Hank Stackpole, American military officer (d. 2020)
- May 9 - Nokie Edwards, American musician (d. 2018)
- May 11
- Doug McClure, American actor (d. 1995)
- Dick Leitsch, American LGBT rights activist (d. 2018)
- May 12
- Hoss Ellington, American race car driver (d. 2014)
- Gary Peacock, American bassist and composer (d. 2020)
- May 15 – Don Bragg, American athlete (d. 2019)[23]
- May 19 – David Hartman, American actor, television journalist
- May 21 – Johnny Majors, American football player and coach (d. 2020)
- May 22 – Barry Rogers, American jazz, salsa trombonist (d. 1991)
- May 24
- Paul A. David, American economist (d. 2023)[24]
- Joan Micklin Silver, American director (d. 2020)
- Rusty York, American singer (d. 2014)
- May 25
- Cookie Gilchrist, American football player (d. 2011)
- Victoria Shaw, American actress (d. 1988)
- May 27
- Jerry Kindall, American baseball player (d. 2017)
- Ramsey Lewis, American jazz pianist and composer (d. 2022)[25]
- Lee Meriwether, American actress
- May 28 – Charles J. Hynes, American lawyer and politician (d. 2019)
- May 30 – Bill Mallory, American football player, and coach (d. 2018)
June
- June 1 – Reverend Ike (Frederick J. Eikerenkoetter II), African-American televangelist (d. 2009)
- June 2
- Darrel Aschbacher, American football player (d. 2023)[26]
- Carol Shields, American-born writer (d. 2003 in Canada)
- June 6 – Miriam T. Griffin, American classical scholar (d. 2018 in the United Kingdom)
- June 7 – Harry Crews, American novelist, short story writer and essayist (d. 2012)
- June 16 – John Leo, American writer and journalist (d. 2022)
- June 17
- Peggy Seeger, American folk singer
- Rudolph G. Wilson, American professor, storyteller, writer and public speaker (d. 2017)
- June 20
- Jim Barker, American politician (d. 2005)
- Len Dawson, American football player (d. 2022)
- June 21
- John Abbey, American actor
- Monte Markham, American actor
- Tom Pratt, American football coach
- June 22
- Donald A. Bonner, American politician (d. 2021)
- Floyd Norman, American animator
- June 23 – Maurice Ferré, American politician
- June 24
- Charlie Dees, American professional baseball player
- Robert Downey Sr., American actor, filmmaker and father of actor Robert Downey Jr.( d. 2021)
- Pete Hamill, American journalist, novelist, essayist, editor and educator (d. 2020)
- Ron Kramer, National Football League tight end (d. 2010)
- Terry Riley, American minimalist composer
- June 25
- Don Demeter, American outfielder, third baseman and first baseman in Major League Baseball
- Judy Howe, American artistic gymnast
- Larry Kramer, American playwright, author, public health advocate and LGBT rights activist (d. 2020)
- Fran Ross, African American satirist (d. 1985)
- June 26 – Pete Peterson, American politician and diplomat
- June 27
- Dan Currie, American football player (d. 2017)
- Larry Krutko, American football player
- June 28 – Bob Blaylock, American professional baseball player
- June 30 – Stanley Norman Cohen, American geneticist
July
- July 1
- Neal Brooks Biggers Jr., American judge (d. 2023)
- James Cotton, American blues harmonica player, singer, songwriter (d. 2017)
- July 2 – Ed Bullins, American playwright (d. 2021)[27]
- July 3
- Al Primo, American television executive (d. 2022)[28]
- Harrison Schmitt, American astronaut and politician
- July 4
- Erich Barnes, American football defensive back (d. 2022)
- Roy Wilt, American politician
- July 5
- Brendan McCann, American basketball player
- Van B. Poole, American politician
- July 8 – Steve Lawrence, American singer, actor (d. 2024)
- July 9 – Robert Pelletreau, American diplomat
- July 10 – Margaret McEntee, American Catholic religious sister, educator
- July 11 – Darrell Dess, American football offensive lineman
- July 12 – Ed Rubinoff, American tennis player
- July 13 – Jack Kemp, American football player, U.S. vice presidential candidate (d. 2009)
- July 15
- Ken Kercheval, American actor (d. 2019)
- Andra Martin, American actress (d. 2022)
- July 16
- Edward J. Nell, American economist
- Gloria Tanner, American politician (d. 2022)
- Lynn Wyatt, American socialite and philanthropist[29]
- July 17
- Diahann Carroll, African-American actress and singer (d. 2019)
- Benjamin Civiletti, United States Attorney General (d. 2022)
- Peter Schickele, American composer and classical musical parodist (d. 2024)
- July 18 – Hall Whitley, American football player
- July 19 – George Breen, American competition swimmer (d. 2019)
- July 21
- Jeanne Arth, American Wimbledon and US Championships doubles tennis title holder
- Larry Hayes, American football player (d. 2017)
- July 22
- Grover Dale, American actor, dancer, choreographer and theatre director
- Steve Junker, American football player (d. 2023)
- July 24 – Lowry Mays, American businessman (d. 2022)[30]
- July 25
- Don Demeter, American baseball player (d. 2021)[31]
- Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
- Larry Sherry, American Major League Baseball player (d. 2006)
- July 27 – Sarah Jane Sands, American professional baseball player
- July 28 – Ernie Bowman, American professional baseball player (d. 2019)
- July 29 – Friday Hassler, American racing driver (d. 1972)
- July 30 – Nick Meglin, American magazine editor (d. 2018)
- July 31
- Richard C. Blum, American investor (d. 2022)[32]
- Mort Crim, American television newscaster
- Geoffrey Lewis, American actor (d. 2015)
August
- August 2 – Hank Cochran, American country music singer/songwriter (d. 2010)
- August 4 – Carol Arthur, American actress (d. 2020)
- August 7
- Ada Deer, American scholar and civil servant (d. 2023)
- Dave Ragan, American professional golfer (d. 2018)
- August 8
- Donald P. Bellisario, American television producer and screenwriter
- Joe Tex, African-American soul singer (d. 1982)
- August 12 – John Cazale, American actor (d. 1978)
- August 15
- Vernon Jordan, African-American lawyer, businessman and activist (d. 2021)
- Lionel Taylor, American football player and coach
- August 16 – Charlie Tyra, American basketball player (d. 2006)
- August 18
- Gail Fisher, African-American actress (Mannix) (d. 2000)
- Rafer Johnson, African-American athlete (d. 2020)
- August 19 – Bobby Richardson, American baseball player
- August 20 – Ron Paul, American author, physician, and politician
- August 22 – Annie Proulx, American novelist
- August 26 – Geraldine Ferraro, American politician (d. 2011)
- August 29
- Thomas Stephens, American football player (d. 2018)
- William Friedkin, American film director (d. 2023)
- August 30 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001)
- August 31
- Eldridge Cleaver, African-American political activist and writer (d. 1998)
- Frank Robinson, African-American baseball player, coach and manager (d. 2019)
September
- September 1 – Guy Rodgers, American basketball player (d. 2001)[33]
- September 2 – D. Wayne Lukas, American horse trainer
- September 8 – Teddy Mayer, American motor racing entrepreneur (d. 2009)
- September 10 – Mary Oliver, American poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner (d. 2019)
- September 12
- Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, Nobel Prize recipient
- Donald Fowler, American politician (d. 2020)
- Richard Hunt, African-American sculptor (d. 2023)
- Al Swift, American broadcaster, politician (d. 2018)
- September 15 – Bill Jackson, American television personality (d. 2022)[34]
- September 16
- Carl Andre, American minimalist artist (d. 2024)
- Billy Boy Arnold, African-American blues singer and harmonica player
- Jules Bass, American film director, producer and co-founder of Rankin/Bass Productions (d. 2022)
- Bob Kiley, American public transit planner (d. 2016)
- Helen Williams, American fashion model (d. 2023)
- September 17 – Ken Kesey, American author (d. 2001)
- September 19
- Bob Krueger, American politician (d. 2022)
- Benjamin Thurman Hacker, American admiral (d. 2003)
- September 21 – Sigrid Valdis, American actress (d. 2007)
- September 20 – Jim Taylor, American football player (d. 2018)
- September 21 – Henry Gibson, American actor and comedian (d. 2009)
- September 22 – Milton Moses Ginsberg, American film director and editor (d. 2021)[35]
- September 23 – Les McCann, African-American jazz musician (d. 2023)[36]
- September 27
- Junior Rodriguez, American politician (d. 2018)
- Dave Wickersham, American baseball pitcher (d. 2022)[37]
- September 29
- Thomas Lockhart, American politician (d. 2018)
- Jerry Lee Lewis, American rock & roll musician (d. 2022)
- September 30
- Z. Z. Hill, American blues singer (d. 1984)
- Johnny Mathis, African-American singer
October
- October 1 – Walter De Maria, American minimalist, conceptual artist and land artist (d. 2013)
- October 2 – Bernard Lee, American civil rights activist (d. 1991)
- October 3 – Charles Duke, American astronaut
- October 4 – Jimmy Orr, American professional football player (d. 2020)
- October 5 – Peter Brown, American actor (d. 2016)
- October 8 – Billy Brewer, American football player, head coach (d. 2018)
- October 10 – W. Jason Morgan, geophysicist (d. 2023)[38]
- October 11 – Daniel Quinn, American writer (d. 2018)
- October 12 – Laurence Silberman, American lawyer and public official (d. 2022)[39]
- October 14 – La Monte Young, American composer
- October 15
- Barry McGuire, American musician (Eve of Destruction)
- Bobby Morrow, American athlete (d. 2020)[40]
- October 18 – Peter Boyle, American actor (d. 2006)
- October 20 – Jerry Orbach, American actor (d. 2004)
- October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
- October 25 – Rusty Schweickart, American astronaut
- October 26
- Gloria Conyers Hewitt, African-American mathematician
- Ora Mendelsohn Rosen, American biomedical researcher (d. 1990)
- October 30 – Robert Caro, American biographer
- October 31 – Ronald Graham, American mathematician (d. 2020)
November
- November 1 – Charles Koch, American businessman, political donor and philanthropist
- November 5 – Frank DeCicco, American mobster (d. 1986)
- November 9
- Jerry Hopkins, American journalist, author (d. 2018)
- Bob Gibson, African-American baseball player (d. 2020)
- November 13 – Michael Getler, American journalist (d. 2018)
- November 15 – Elizabeth Drew, American journalist and author
- November 19 – Jack Welch, American businessman (d. 2020)
- November 23 – Jean Havlish, American professional baseball, bowling player
- November 24
- Pervis Atkins, American football player (d. 2017)
- Ron Dellums, African-American politician (d. 2018)
- November 27 – Pat Fordice, American politician (d. 2007)
- November 29
- Diane Ladd, American actress
- Thomas J. O'Brien, Roman Catholic bishop, convicted of felony (d. 2018)
- November 30 – Woody Allen, American actor, comedian, and film director[41]
December
- December 2 – David Hackett Fischer, American historian, author and academic
- December 4 – Paul H. O'Neill, American politician (d. 2020)
- December 5 – Calvin Trillin, American writer
- December 6 – Edward Jay Epstein, American journalist and political scientist (d. 2024)[42]
- December 11 – Ron Carey, American actor (d. 2007)
- December 13
- December 14 – Lee Remick, American actress (d. 1991)
- December 15 – John Taylor Gatto, American author and school teacher (d. 2018)
- December 17 – Cal Ripken, Sr., American baseball player, manager (d. 1999)
- December 19 – Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist (d. 1974)
- December 20 – William Julius Wilson, American sociologist and academic
- December 21 – Phil Donahue, TV personality, writer and film producer
- December 23 – Paul Hornung, American football player (d. 2020)
- December 25
- Stephen Barnett, American legal scholar (d. 2009)
- James F. Hoge Jr., American journalist (d. 2023)
- Anne Roiphe, American author and feminist[44]
- December 26 – Al Jackson, American baseball pitcher (d. 2019)
- December 30 – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player
Deaths
- January 15 – Marion Howard Brazier, journalist (born 1850)
- January 16
- Ma Barker, criminal, leader of the Barker gang (born 1873; shot)
- Fred Barker, son of Ma Barker and a member of the Barker-Karpis gang (born 1901; shot)
- January 19 – Lloyd Hamilton, silent film comedian (born 1899)
- February 15 – Harry Todd, actor (born 1863)
- March 6 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., U.S. Supreme Court Justice (born 1841)
- March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin, physicist (born 1858 in Serbia)
- March 23 – Florence Moore, vaudeville and silent film actress (born 1886)
- April 2 – Bennie Moten, jazz pianist (born 1894)
- April 6 – Edwin Arlington Robinson, poet (born 1869)
- April 8 – Adolph Ochs, newspaper publisher (born 1858)
- April 11 – Anna Katharine Green, crime fiction writer (born 1846)
- May 3 – Jessie Willcox Smith, illustrator (born 1863)
- May 4 – automobile accident
- Junior Durkin, actor (born 1915)
- Robert J. Horner, film producer and director (born 1894)
- May 11 – Edward Herbert Thompson, archaeologist of the Maya civilization (born 1857)
- May 13 – John S. Cohen, U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1932 to 1933 (born 1870)
- May 19 – Charles Martin Loeffler, violinist and composer (born 1861 in Germany)
- May 21 – Jane Addams, social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (born 1860)
- July 7 – George Keller, architect (born 1842)
- July 17 – Cudjoe Lewis (Oluale Kossola), the last known surviving male victim of Clotilda, the last ship of the Atlantic slave trade (born c.1941)[45]
- August 5 – David Townsend, art director (born 1891)
- August 14 – Harriet Mabel Spalding, litterateur and poet (born 1862)
- August 15 – aviation accident
- Wiley Post, aviator (born 1898)
- Will Rogers, humorist and actor (born 1879)
- August 20 – Edith Roberts, silent film actress (born 1899)
- August 25 – Mack Swain, vaudeville actor (born 1876)
- August 27 – Childe Hassam, impressionist painter (born 1859)
- September 10 – Huey Long, politician (born 1893; shot)
- September 11 – Charles Norris, medical examiner (born 1867)
- September 18 – Alice Dunbar Nelson, born Alice Moore, African-American writer and activist (born 1875)
- September 23 – DeWolf Hopper, actor and comedian (born 1858)
- October 7 – Francis Wilson, stage actor and comedian (born 1854)
- October 12 – Loretta C. Van Hook, Presbyterian missionary and educator (born 1852)
- October 18 – Gaston Lachaise, sculptor (born 1882 in France)
- October 22 – Tommy Tucker, baseball pioneer (born 1863)
- October 23
- Charles Demuth, painter (born 1883)
- Dutch Schultz, gangster (born 1902; shot)
- November 6
- Henry Fairfield Osborn, paleontologist (born 1857)
- Billy Sunday, baseball player, evangelist and prohibitionist (born 1862)
- November 8 – Mary Alice Quinn, died at the age of 14 from a chronic heart condition (born 1920)
- November 27 – Charlie Green, jazz trombonist (born c. 1895)
- December 2
- James Henry Breasted, Egyptologist (born 1865)
- M. Carey Thomas, educator (born 1857)
- December 9 – Walter Liggett, newspaper editor (born 1886; shot)
- December 14 – Stanley G. Weinbaum, science-fiction author (born 1902; lung cancer)
- December 16 – Thelma Todd, comedy film actress (born 1906; carbon monoxide poisoning)
- December 17 – Lizette Woodworth Reese, poet (born 1856)[46]
- December 28 – Clarence Day, writer (born 1874)
- December 30 – Hunter Liggett, general (born 1857)
Date unknown
- Lillian Resler Keister Harford, church organizer, editor (b. 1851)
See also
References
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- ^ In The Christian Science Monitor. "Ivy League History and Timeline". Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ^ Hagedorn 1997, p. 15.
- ^ "Riding the Rails: Timeline of the Great Depression". American Experience. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "June 12-13 1935: Huey Long Filibusters". U.S. Senate. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
- ^ "Milestones of the U.S. Archival Profession and the National Archives, 1800-2011". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)". Retrieved October 5, 2022.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15, 1935.
- ^ Allan, Marc D. (16 September 2010). "Owners enjoy Melody Inn's niche as well-worn music venue". IBJ News. Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
- ^ "Gallup organization | American organization". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Viscusi, Robert (2006). Buried Caesars, and other secrets of Italian American writing. SUNY Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7914-6633-9. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ John Sowell (December 7, 2021). "He rescued Channel Tunnel for Britain. He brought US Ecology to Boise. Noted engineer dies". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- ^ "Millard Fuller, self-made millionaire who founded Habitat for Humanity, dies at 74". SFGate. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
- ^ Pulitzer winner Walter Mears dies, AP's 'Boy on the Bus'
- ^ Persico, Joyce J. "The Amazing Kreskin, an N.J. native, continues to impress, prepares for Rider show", The Times (Trenton), May 27, 2014. Accessed October 25, 2015
- ^ "Hon. Joyce Knowles Crouch - 2018 - Heritage Funeral Home". www.tributearchive.com. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Julian Russel "Russ" McCubbin". WV News. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
- ^ Don Maynard, legendary Jets WR and Hall of Famer, dies at 86
- ^ Roger Searle Payne (1962). The Acoustical Location of Prey by the Barn Owl (Tyto Alba). Cornell University.
- ^ Carol Jarecki, Respected Chess Referee, Dies at 86
- ^ "Roger B. Chaffee | American astronaut". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ Ruth Seymour, tastemaker who made KCRW a public radio powerhouse, dies at 88
- ^ "Reginald Green obituary". The Guardian. 2021-11-05. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07.
- ^ Don Bragg, Olympic Pole-Vault Champion, Is Dead at 83
- ^ Economist Paul A. David Looked Back to See Forward
- ^ Keepnews, Peter (September 12, 2022). "Ramsey Lewis, Jazz Pianist Who Became a Pop Star, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
- ^ Darrel Aschbacher: Crook County football legend-turned-pilot remembered
- ^ Playwright Ed Bullins Dies at 86
- ^ Al Primo, creator of ‘Eyewitness News,’ has died at 87
- ^ "Happy birthday, Lynn Wyatt! The Houston philanthropist celebrates her 82nd birthday Sunday". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Lowry Mays Dies: Founder Of Clear Channel Communications, iHeartMedia Was 87
- ^ Don Demeter, a Dodger Star of the Future Who Wasn’t, Dies
- ^ Richard Blum, Political Donor and Husband of Senator Feinstein, Dies at 86
- ^ Williams, Lena (February 22, 2001). "Guy Rodgers, an N.B.A. All-Star, Dies at 65". The New York Times.
- ^ Bill Jackson, creative mind behind Dirty Dragon and the Blob, dead at 86
- ^ Milton Moses Ginsberg, Unconventional Filmmaker, Dies at 85
- ^ Les McCann obituary
- ^ Former Kansas City A’s and Royals pitcher Dave Wickersham dies at age 86
- ^ W. Jason Morgan, pioneer of plate tectonics, dies at 87
- ^ Laurence Silberman, titan of conservative jurisprudence, dies at 86
- ^ "Bobby Joe Morrow". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. October 11, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- ^ Allen, Woody (2020). Apropos of Nothing. Arcade Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781951627379.
- ^ Edward Jay Epstein, Author and Stubborn Skeptic, Dies at 88
- ^ Edward Koren, 87, Whose Cartoon Creatures Poked Fun at People, Dies
- ^ "Anne Roiphe". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ Diouf, Sylviane A. (October 20, 2009). "Cudjo Lewis". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Lizette Woodworth Reese | American poet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2020.