1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons

1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed	January 2, 1900
Last system dissipated	December 26, 1939
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances	265
Total fatalities	500+
Total damage	Unknown
Related article
1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons Pre-1900, 1900–1940, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s

The following is a list of all reported tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean, to the east of 160°E, from 1900 to 1940.

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Transcription

Episode 24: Western Expansion Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. History and today we leave behind the world of industry and corporations to talk about the Wild Wild West. Spoiler Alert: You have died of dysentery. And in the process, we’re going to explore how all of us, even those of us who are vegan or eat sustainably-produced food. benefit from massive agribusiness that has its roots in the Wild Wild West. The West still looms large in American mythology as the home of cowboys and gunslingers and houses of ill repute and freedom from pesky government interference, but in fact-- It was probably not as wild as we’ve been told. Ugh, Mr. Green, why can’t America live up to its myths just once? Because this is America, Me from the Past, home to Hollywood and Gatsby and Honey Boo Boo. We are literally in the mythmaking business. intro So, before the Hollywood western, the myth of the Frontier probably found its best expression in Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 lecture, “the Significance of the Frontier in American History.” Turner argued that the West was responsible for key characteristics of American culture: beliefs in individualism, political democracy, and economic mobility. Like, for 18th and 19th century Americans, the western frontier represented the opportunity to start over, and possibly to strike it rich by dint of one’s own individual effort, even back when the West was, like, Ohio.[1] In this mythology, the west was a magnet for restless young men who lit out for the uncorrupted, unoccupied, untamed territories to seek their fortune. But, in reality, most western settlers went not as individuals but as members of a family or as part of an immigrant group. And they weren’t filling up unoccupied space either because most of that territory was home to American Indians. Also, in addition to Easterners and migrants from Europe, the West was settled by Chinese people and by Mexican migrant laborers and former slaves. Plus, there were plenty of Mexicans living there already who became Americans with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. And the whole west as “a place of rugged individualism and independence” turns out to be an oversimplification. I mean, the federal government, after all, had to pass the law that spurred homesteading, then had to clear out American Indians already living there, and had to sponsor the railroads that allowed the West to grow in the first place. About as individualistic as the government buying Walden Pond for Henry David Thoreau. What’s that? It’s a state park now? The government owns it? Well, there you go. Now, railroads didn’t create the desire to settle the west but they did make it possible for people who wanted to live out west to do so, for two reasons. First, without railroads there would be no way to bring crops or other goods to market. I mean, I guess you could dig a canal across Kansas, but, if you’ve ever been to Kansas that is not a tantalizing proposition. Second, railroads made life in the west profitable and livable because they brought the goods that people needed such as tools for planting and sowing, shoes for wearing, books for putting on your shelf and pretending to have read. Railroads allowed settlers to stay connected with the modernity that was becoming the hallmark of the industrialized world in the 19th century. Now, we saw last week that the Federal government played a key role in financing the transcontinental railroad, but state governments got into the act too, often to their financial detriment. In fact, so many states nearly went bankrupt financing railroads that most states now have constitutional requirements that they balance their budgets. But perhaps the central way that the Federal government supported the railroads, and western settlement and investment in general, was by leading military expeditions against American Indians, rounding them up on ever-smaller reservations, and destroying their culture. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. There was an economic as well as a racial imperative to move the Native Americans off their land: white people wanted it. Initially it was needed to set down railroad tracks, and then for farming, but eventually it was also exploited for minerals like gold and iron and other stuff that makes industry work. I mean, would you really want a territory called the Badlands unless it had valuable minerals? Early western settlement, of the Oregon Trail kind, did not result in huge conflicts with Native Americans, but by the 1850s, a steady stream of settlers kicked off increasingly bloody conflicts that lasted pretty much until 1890. Even though the fighting started before the Civil War, the end of the “war between the states” meant a new, more violent phase in the warring between American Indians and whites. General Philip H. “Little Phil” Sheridan set out to destroy the Indians’ way of life, burning villages and killing their horses and especially the buffalo that was the basis of the plains tribes’ existence. There were about 30 million buffalo in the U.S. in 1800; by 1886 the Smithsonian Institute had difficulty finding 25 “good specimens.”[2] In addition to violent resistance, some Indians turned to a spiritual movement to try to preserve their traditional way of life. Around 1890 the Ghost Dance movement arose in and around South Dakota. Ghost Dancers believed that if they gathered together to dance and engage in religious rituals, eventually the white man would disappear and the buffalo would return, and with them the Indians’ traditional customs. But even though a combined force of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors completely destroyed George Custer’s force of 250 cavalrymen at Little Bighorn in 1876, and Geronimo took years to subdue in the Southwest, western Native Americans were all defeated by 1890, and the majority were moved to reservations. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Boy, this Wild West episode sure is turning out to be loads of fun! It’s just like the Will Smith movie! Alright, Stan, this is about to get even more depressing, so let’s look at, like, some pretty mountains and western landscapes and stuff, while I deliver this next bit. So in 1871 the U.S. government ended the treaty system that had since the American Revolution treated Native American land as if they were independent nations. And then with the Dawes Act of 1887, the lands set aside for the Indians were allotted to individual families rather than to tribes. Indians who “adopted the habits of civilized life,” which in this case meant becoming small scale individualistic Jeffersonian farmers, would be granted citizenship and there were supposed to be some protections to prevent their land from falling out of Native American possession. But, these protections were not particularly protective and much of the Indian land was purchased either by white settlers or by speculators. After the passage of the Dawes Act “Indians lost 86 million of the 138 million acres of land in their possession.” [3] Oh boy, it’s time for the Mystery Document. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document. And then you get to see me get shocked when I’m wrong. Alright. I have seen the Great Father Chief the Next Great Chief the Commissioner Chief; the Law Chief; and many other law chiefs and they all say they are my friends, and that I shall have justice, but while all their mouths talk right I do not understand why nothing is done for my people. I have heard talk and talk but nothing is done (…) Words do not pay for my dead people. They do not pay for my country now overrun by white men. They do not protect my father's grave. (…) Good words will not give my people a home where they can live in peace and take care of themselves. I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and all the broken promises. I mean that could be almost any American Indian leader. This is totally unfair, Stan. All I really know about this is that the Great Father Chief is the President. I mean it could be any of a dozen people. How bout if I say the name in 10 seconds I don’t get punished? Aaaand start. Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Geronimo Chief Big Foot um Keokuk Chief Oshkosh Chief Joseph Ch-OH YES YES SUCK IT STAN SUCK IT! And now let us move from tragedy to tragedy. So if you’re thinking that it couldn’t get worse for the Native Americans: it did. After killing off the buffalo, taking their land and forcing Indians onto reservations, the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a policy that amounted to cultural genocide. It set up boarding schools, the most famous of which was in Carlisle, PA, where Indian children were forcefully removed from their families to be civilized. This meant teaching them English, taking away their clothes, their names, and their family connections. The idea put succinctly, was to “kill the Indian, save the man.” Now, the U.S. wasn’t the only nation busy subjugating its indigenous inhabitants and putting them on reservations in the late 19th century. Like, something similar was happening in South Africa, in Chile, and even to First Peoples in Canada. And you’re usually so good, Canada. Although the slower pace of western settlement meant that there was much less bloodshed, so, another point to Canada. And as bad as the American boarding school policy was, at least it was short lived compared with Australia’s policy of removing Aboriginal children from families and placing them with white foster families, which lasted until the 1970s. Alright, Stan, we need to cheer this episode up. Let’s talk about cowboys! The Marlboro Man riding the range, herding cows and smoking, solitary in the saddle, alone in his emphysema. Surely that is the actual West, the men and women but mostly men who stood apart from the industrializing country as the last of Jefferson’s rugged individuals. But, no. Once again, we have the railroad to thank for our image of the cowboy. Like, those massive cattle drives of millions of cows across open range Texas? Yeah, they ended at towns like Abilene, and Wichita, and Dodge City--because that’s where the railheads were. Without railroads, cowboys would have just driven their cattle in endless circles. And without industrial meat processing, there wouldn’t have been a market for all that beef. And it was a lot of beef. You know what I’m talking about. I’m actually talking about beef. By the mid 1880s the days of open range ranching were coming to an end as ranchers began to enclose more and more land and set up their businesses closer to, you guessed it, railroad stations. There are also quite a few things about western farming that just fly in the face of the mythical Jeffersonian yeoman farmer ideal. Firstly, this type of agricultural work was a family affair; many women bore huge burdens on western farms, as can be seen in this excerpt from a farm woman in Arizona: “Get up, turn out my chickens, draw a pail of water … make a fire, put potatoes to cook, brush and sweep half inch of dust off floor, feed three litters of chickens, then mix biscuits, get breakfast, milk, besides work in the house and this morning had to go half mile after calves.” These family-run farms were increasingly oriented towards production of wheat and corn for national and even international markets rather than trying to eke out subsistence. Farmers in Kansas found themselves competing with farmers in Australia and Argentina, and this international competition pushed prices lower and lower. Secondly, the Great Plains, while remarkably productive agriculturally, wouldn’t be nearly as good for producing crops without massive irrigation projects. Much of the water needed for plains agriculture comes a massive underground lake, the Oglala Aquifer. Don’t worry, by the way, the Aquifer is fed by a magic and permanent H20 factory in the core of the earth that you can learn about in Hank’s show, Crash Course Chemistr--What’s that? It’s going dry. MY GOD THIS IS A DEPRESSING EPISODE. Anyway, large-scale irrigation projects necessitate big capital investments and therefore large, consolidated agricultural enterprises that start to look more like agri-business than family farms. I mean, by 1900, California was home to giant commercial farms reliant on irrigation and chemical fertilizers. Some of them were owned, not by families, but by big corporations like the Southern Pacific Railroad. And they were worked by migrant farm laborers from China, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico. As Henry George, a critic of late 19th century corporate capitalism, wrote “California is not a country of farms, but … of plantations and estates.”[4] When studying American history, it’s really easy to get caught up in the excitement of industrial capitalism with its robber barons, and new technologies, and fancy cities because that world looks very familiar to us, probably because it’s the one in which we live. After all, if I was running a farm like that Arizona woman I talked about earlier, there’s no way I could be making these videos because I’d be chasing my calves. I don’t even know what a litter of chickens is. Is it four chickens? Twelve? Six? It’s probably twelve because eggs do come in dozens. The massive agricultural surplus contemporary farms create, and the efficient transportation network that gets that surplus to me quickly, makes everything else possible--from YouTube to Chevy Volts. And no matter who you are, you benefit from the products that result from that massive surplus. That’s why we’re watching YouTube right now. Or watching Crash Course on DVD, available for pre-order now. Look at that beautiful box set of DVDs that would not be possible without a massive agricultural surplus. So, agriculture and animal husbandry did change a lot in late 19th century America as we came to embrace the market driven ethos that we either celebrate or decry these days. And in the end, the Wild West ends up looking a lot more like industrial capitalism than like a Larry McMurtry novel. The Wild West, like the rest of the industrialized world, was incentivized to increase productivity and was shaped by an increasingly international economic system. And it’s worth remembering that even though we think of the Oregon Trail and the Wild West being part of the same thing, in fact, they were separated by the most important event in American history: the Civil War. I know that ain’t the mythologizing you’ll find in Tombstone, but it is true. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer of the show is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer, Rosianna Halse Rojas, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Café. Every week, there’s a new caption for the libertage. If you’d like to suggest one you can do so in comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course. If you enjoy it, make sure you subscribe. And as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome...OH, ahh I didn’t get a good push. Westward Expansion - ________________ [1] Foner, Give me Liberty ebook version p. 644 [2] Foner Give me Liberty ebook version p. 648 [3] Ibid p 654. [4] Foner Give me Liberty p. 647

Background

Ancient Polynesians and others who inhabited the tropical Pacific before the Europeans arrived, knew of and feared the hurricanes of the South Pacific.^[1] They were keen and accurate observers of nature and developed various myths and legends, which reflected their knowledge of these systems.^[1] For example, the people of Mangaia in the Cook Islands had over 30 different names for the wind direction including Maoaketa, which indicated that a cyclonic storm existed to the west of the island.^[1] During the 1700s, Captain James Cook conducted three voyages within the Pacific Ocean and it is thought that he did not collect any information about or experience any tropical cyclones.^[1] Europeans that followed Cook soon realised that the South Pacific was not free of hurricanes and were the first to publish accounts about the systems.^[1]

During 1853, Thomas Dobson became the first person to collate information about these systems, in order to attempt to understand and explain the characteristics of 24 tropical cyclones.^[1] However, these descriptions were considered to be vague and of little value, because he only had a small amount of data and no synoptic weather charts.^[1] Over the next 40 years various reports, journals and log books on the storms were published before E Knipping consolidated these reports and extended Dobson's list out to 120 tropical cyclones during 1893.^[1] During the 1920s Stephen Sargent Visher did some research into tropical cyclones in the Pacific and visited several island nations; including Fiji, Japan and the Philippines to obtain information on potential systems.^[2] He also consulted various journals and reports as well as Dobson's and Knipping's work, before he authored a number of papers on tropical cyclones in the Pacific.^[3] These papers contained information about 259 tropical storms in the South Pacific between 160°E and 140°W, two of which occurred during 1789 and 1819, while the rest occurred between 1830 and 1923.^[1] Visher also tried to estimate how many systems were occurring on an annual basis in each area, but overcompensated for his incomplete records and came up with a figure of 12 severe tropical cyclones per year.^[1]^[2] During Visher's time and until the start of World War II, there was insufficient information available to allow for an accurate deception of tropical cyclone tracks.^[1]

Systems

1900–09

February 4, 1900 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
February 1900 - A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's southeastern islands, where it caused flooding in Labasa and generated a 10 feet (3.0 m) tidal wave that impacted the island of Ono.^[5] Various small vessels were wrecked, while 1 person drowned and considerable damage was done onshore.^[5]
March 12, 1900 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
April 2 – 3, 1900 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's island group of Vava'u.^[6]
April 12, 1900 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
January 20, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu and caused an estimated 150 thousand francs worth of damage.^[7]
January 27, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
January 27, 1901 – A tropical cyclone existed to the east of Tonga.^[6]
March 13 – 14, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[6]
April 2, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
December 22, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Society Islands, where it destroyed a large part of the Papeete quays.^[8]
December 26, 1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Rewa Province.^[4]
1901 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu and destroyed Martyr's memorial church.^[6]
December 30, 1902 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[4]
January 14 – 15, 1903 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Tuamotu Islands, where 517 people were killed, 2 schooners were lost and 83 cutters were demolished.^[8]
January 17, 1903 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
February 14, 1903 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
February 1903 – A tropical cyclone impacted Samoa and American Samoa.^[6]
March 3 – 6, 1903 – A tropical cyclone moved westwards from the island of Espiritu Santo in Vanuatu.^[3]
April 10, 1903 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[4]
January 21 – 22, 1904 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji, where a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) storm surge was recorded in Navau.^[9]^[6]
February 21 – 22, 1904 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[9]
January 6, 1905 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
January 20, 1905 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[4]
January 1905 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Southern Cook Islands.^[6]
March 23 – 26, 1905 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia, where it caused 8 deaths and severe damage.^[8]
March 1905 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Northern Cook Islands.^[6]
February 6 – 8, 1906 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia as well as the Northern and Southern Cook Islands, where it caused more than 150 deaths and extensive damage, before heading towards the Gambier Islands.^[8]^[6]
March 19 – 20, 1906 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
February 1907 – A tropical cyclone caused significant damage to the French steamboat Frane, while impacting Vanuatu and New Caledonia.^[10]
April 11, 1907 – A tropical cyclone was located near the island of Futuna in Vanuatu.^[3]
December 1907 – A tropical cyclone is thought to have impacted the Solomon Islands during December 1907, as it was followed by a shortage of food.^[11]
January 9, 1908 – A tropical cyclone was located to the east of Vanua Levu and the south-east of the Lau Islands.^[4]
March 23, 1908 – A tropical cyclone impacted western and southern Viti Levu, where it killed two people.^[9]
March 24, 1908 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
March 25, 1909 – A tropical cyclone impacted the whole of Fiji.^[4]
April 13, 1909 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga, which caused some damage to coconuts and plantations.^[6]

1910s

March 22 – 29, 1910 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island and New Zealand.^[6]^[4]^[12]
December 31, 1910 – A tropical cyclone existed to the east of Tonga.^[3]
January 5, 1911 – A tropical cyclone existed near Tonga.^[3]
January 1911 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
February 22 – 23, 1911 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
May 2, 1911 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
December 22, 1911 – A tropical cyclone passed to the south of Fiji.^[4]
January 28 – 30, 1912 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.^[4]^[9]
February 2 – 9, 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.^[4]
March 17 – 18, 1913 – A tropical cyclone existed to the southeast of Fiji, where it impacted Taevuni and Suva.^[4]
March 21, 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[9]
April 13, 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted American Samoa.^[6]
April 16, 1913 – A tropical cyclone was located between Fiji and Tonga.^[3]
December 28, 1913 – A tropical cyclone passed to the east of Tonga.^[3]
January 7, 1914 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tokelau as well as the Cook Islands.^[6]
March 13, 1914 – The S.S. Ventura encountered a tropical cyclone within Fiji's Lau Islands about 445 km (275 mi) to the east of Suva.^[4]
March 25, 1914 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[3]
December 24, 1914 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[6]
1914 – A tropical cyclone impacted Kiribati and Tuvalu.^[6]
January 13, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Niue.^[6]
January 16 – 18, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
January 18, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan Islands.^[6]
February 12, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted American Samoa.^[6]
February 26, 1915 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of Fiji.^[4]
March 20, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
April 26 – 28, 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 5 – 9, 1916 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu and New Caledonia.^[3]
January 9, 1916 – A tropical cyclone passed about 925 km (575 mi) to the south of Suva in Fiji.^[4]
January 1916 – A tropical cyclone caused damage to banana and coconut plantations in the Solomon Islands.^[11]
February 10, 1916 – A tropical cyclone was located to the west of New Caledonia.^[6]
August 2, 1916 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 14 – 15, 1917 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]^[12]
March 28 – 31, 1917 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 23, 1917 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 1 – 5, 1917 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia from the west.^[6]
November 11, 1917 – A tropical cyclone was located near the island of Tongoa.^[3]
December 13 – 23, 1917 – A tropical cyclone impacted Australia, Fiji and New Caledonia.^[6]^[4]
February 12 – 14, 1918 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
March 1, 1918 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
March 16 – 20, 1918 – A tropical cyclone was located near New Caledonia.^[6]
March 18, 1918 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
March 25 – 28, 1918 – A tropical cyclone was located near New Caledonia.^[6]
November 11, 1918 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
January 12 – 15, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
January 25 – 30, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
January 29, 1919 – A tropical cyclone passed to the south of Fiji.^[4]
February 9, 1919 – A tropical cyclone moved southwest through Fiji's Yasawa group of islands.^[4]
February 10, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
February 11 – 14, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island, after moving away from the Queensland Coast.^[6]
March 15 – 19, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
March 28, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[4]
April 14 – 19, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 2, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
July 28, 1919 – A tropical cyclone was located between Queensland and New Caledonia.^[6]
October 28 – 30, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
October 29 – 30, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 29 – 30, 1919 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]

1920s

January 15 – 18, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
January 18 – 19, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted Niue.^[13]
January 24, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 11 – 14, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 24, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[4]
March 3 – 4, 1920 – A tropical cyclone moved south-eastwards inbetween Fiji and Tonga.^[4]
March 15 – 18, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
March 23 – 27, 1920 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 13, 1921 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 31, 1921 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of New Caledonia.^[6]
February 13, 1921 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and New Caledonia.^[13]
February 13, 1921 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji's Lau Islands.^[4]
August 20, 1921 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands.^[6]
October 2 – 6, 1921 – A tropical cyclone was located between Queensland and New Caledonia.^[6]
November 23, 1921 – A tropical cyclone was located near the islands of Luganville and Canal Segond in Vanuatu.^[3]
December 11, 1921 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 19 – 24, 1922 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 3–4, 1922 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[3]
February 25 – 26, 1922 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[3]
February 25, 1922 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island as it moved south-southeastwards from New Caledonia.^[6]
February 1922 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands.^[6]
December 17 – 23, 1922 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 29, 1923 – A tropical cyclone impacted the whole of Fiji.^[4]
January 29 – February 4, 1923 – A tropical cyclone passed over New Caledonia, Norfolk Island and New Zealand.^[6]
February 1 – 5, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located to the north of New Zealand's Kermadic Islands.^[6]
February 10 – 15, 1923 – A tropical cyclone had a minor impact on Fiji, as it moved eastwards from New Caledonia.^[14]
February 13 – 16, 1923 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 13 – 16, 1923 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 14 – 16, 1923 – A tropical cyclone had a minor impact on Fiji, as it moved south-eastwards from New Caledonia.^[14]
February 16–17, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 27 – 28, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
March 6 – 8, 1923 – A tropical cyclone passed to the east of Apia in Samoa.^[6]
March 15 – 16, 1923 – A tropical cyclone caused severe damage to the Lau Island of Munia, as it moved through Fiji's Lau group of islands.^[14]
March 16, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near Tonga.^[6]
April 5, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
April 29, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of Fiji's Lau Islands.^[6]
November 27, 1923 – A tropical cyclone had a minor impact on Fiji.^[14]
November 28 – 29, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near Tonga.^[6]
November 28 – 29, 1923 – A tropical cyclone was located near the Samoan Islands.^[6]
December 3, 1923 – A tropical cyclone moved eastwards from Vanuatu to the northeast of Fiji.^[6]
December 13, 1923 – A tropical cyclone had a minor impact on Fiji, while it was centred between Fiji and Tonga.^[14]
1923 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Southern Cook Island of Palmerston.^[6]
March 2 – 4, 1924 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
May 15 – 18, 1924 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
September 6 – 8, 1924 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 24 – 27, 1925 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Zealand.^[6]
August 12, 1925 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 16 – 21, 1925 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tokelau, Samoa and the Cook Islands.^[13]
December 17, 1925 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tuvalu.^[6]
December 31, 1925 – January 1, 1926 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Society Islands.^[6]
January 1 – 3, 1926 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan Islands.^[13]
January 1926 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia.^[1]
March 3, 1926 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[6]
March 26 – April 3, 1926 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tokelau, Samoa and the Cook Islands.^[6]
May 6, 1926 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to palms in the northern Yasawas Islands, as it moved south-eastwards and south-westwards.^[14]
May 13, 1926 – A tropical cyclone passed to the west of Norfolk Island.^[6]
May 20, 1926 – A tropical cyclone moved towards Norfolk Island from the coast of Queensland while gradually weakening.^[6]
June 2 – 3, 1926 – A tropical cyclone approached Norfolk Island from the coast of New South Wales.^[6]
July 10 – 12, 1926 – A tropical cyclone developed to the southeast of Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 15 – 19, 1926 – A tropical cyclone was located between Fiji and Samoa.^[6]
January 21 – 24, 1927 – A tropical cyclone was located to the east of Suva in Fiji.^[6]
February 10 – 11, 1927 – A tropical cyclone was located to the east of Suva in Fiji.^[6]
May 24 – 25, 1927 – A tropical cyclone passed to the south of Fiji.^[6]
September 15 – 17, 1927 – A tropical cyclone moved to the south of New Caledonia towards Norfolk Island and the coast of New South Wales.^[6]
November 9, 1927 – A tropical cyclone moved to the southwest of Suva in Fiji.^[6]
November 24 – 28, 1927 – A tropical cyclone impacted Samoa and the Southern Cook Islands.^[6]
December 5, 1927 – A tropical cyclone impacted Kiribati and Tuvalu.^[6]
December 27 – 30, 1927 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
December 27 – 30, 1927 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]
February 4, 1928 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
February 1928 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[15]
March 12 – 20, 1928 – A tropical cyclone impacted both Fiji and Tonga.^[6]
June 14 – 15, 1928 – A tropical cyclone approached Norfolk Island from the coast of New South Wales while gradually weakening.^[6]
July 14, 1928 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
July 27–28, 1928 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 26, 1928 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 18 – 22, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused moderate damage to Fiji, with damage reported to palm trees and huts in the Yasawa Islands and south-western Viti Levu.^[9]^[14]
February 18–19, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused minor damage to Fiji.^[14]
April 9–10, 1929 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
May 13–15, 1929 – A tropical cyclone impacted Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 18, 1929 – A tropical cyclone passed to the southwest of Norfolk Island after moving south-eastwards from the Queensland Coast.^[6]
June 29 – July 1, 1929 – A tropical cyclone moved south-eastwards from the Queensland Coast.^[6]
July 29, 1929 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
August 25, 1929 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
September 10–13, 1929 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
September 20, 1929 – A tropical cyclone passed to the south of Suva, Fiji.^[6]
October 22–29, 1929 – A tropical cyclone was located to the east of Norfolk Island.^[6]
November 28, 1929 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[14]^[13]
December 8 – 13, 1929 – A tropical cyclone caused 20 deaths and widespread damage, as it impacted Tuvalu, Rotuma and Fiji.^[13]^[14]

1930

January 11 – 12, 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Fijian islands of Makongai, Wakaya and Ngau, where it caused a moderate amount of damage.^[14]
February 22, 1930 – A tropical cyclone was located to the northwest of Suva, Fiji, where heavy rain and squally winds were reported.^[6]
March 25–26, 1930 – A tropical cyclone moved south-southeastwards to the west of Suva, Fiji.^[6]
March 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands.^[6]
April 21 – 22, 1930 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
July 7 – 10, 1930 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
July 30, 1930 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
November 22 – 24, 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted Rotuma, Fiji and Tonga.^[6] Severe damage to trees and buildings was reported in Fiji, while three lives and four trading vessels were lost.^[14]
November 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted Niue.^[6]
December 24 – 26, 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga, Niue, Samoa, American Samoa and the Cook Islands.^[6]

1931

February 16 – March 3, 1931 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji where at least 225 lives were lost, resulting in the deadliest natural disaster in Fiji history.^[6]^[16] The lowest recorded air pressure was 958 hPa (mbar; 28.29 inHg). Most of the fatalities were caused by flooding, with only four attributed to the force of the cyclone's winds. Record flooding occurred on Viti Levu, causing extensive damage to infrastructure.^[16]
April 7 – 8, 1931 – A tropical cyclone moved south-southeastwards near Suva and Kandavu, where it caused one death and a cutter to fill with water and sink near Solo Light.^[14]
June 16–17, 1931 – A tropical cyclone developed in the Tasman Sea and moved eastwards to the south of Norfolk Island.^[6]

1932

January 16 – 20, 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.^[6]
January 24 – 26, 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji.^[6]
February 24, 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]^[12]
February 1932 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[15]
March 11, 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
April 26 – 27, 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
April 26, 1932 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 28 – 30, 1932 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]

1933

January 1 – 4, 1933 – A tropical cyclone impacted Rotuma and the Samoan Islands.^[13]
February 22 – 26, 1933 – A tropical cyclone passed between Fiji and Tonga.^[6]
February 28, 1933 – A tropical cyclone was located to the north of Fiji.^[6]
March 27 – 29, 1933 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south and west of Fiji.^[6]
April 8 – 10, 1933 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]^[12]
April 1933 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[15]
June 22, 1933 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
August 23 – 26, 1933 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Austral Islands.^[6]
September 9 – 10, 1933 – A tropical cyclone passed to the south of Norfolk Island.^[6]

1934

March 17 – 19, 1934 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
March 25 – 27, 1934 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia and Norfolk Island.^[6]
September 2 – 4, 1934 – A tropical cyclone approached Norfolk Island from the coast of New South Wales.^[6]
December 28, 1934 – A tropical cyclone passed over Tonga's Keppel Island.^[6]

1935

February 6 – 12, 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted French Polynesia's Society Islands and the Southern Cook Islands where extensive damage was reported.^[8]
March 8 – 12, 1935 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
March 21, 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
July 11–12, 1935 – A tropical cyclone passed about 480 km (300 mi) to the south of Fiji and moved south-southeastwards towards Tonga, where gale force winds were reported on Nuku'alofa.^[6]
December 10, 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Santa Cruz Islands, where it removed most of the vegetation on the island of Utupia.^[11]
December 16 – 17, 1935 – A tropical cyclone was located to the northwest of Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]^[17]

1936

January 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted the island of Malekula.^[17]
January 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located near Vanuatu.^[15]
January 14 – 19, 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tokelau, Samoa, Fiji and Tonga.^[6]
January 25 – 30, 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Vanuatu.^[6]
February 2 – 6, 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.^[6]
February 14 – 15, 1936 – A tropical cyclone developed near Fiji's Udu Point and moved southwards through the Lau Islands, where it caused minor damage.^[14]
March 25, 1936 – A tropical cyclone moved from the Queensland Coast and passed over Norfolk Island, before impacting New Zealand.^[6]
April 14–16, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located to the northwest of Norfolk Island.^[6]
May 26, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
August 24 – 25, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located near Fiji and Tonga.^[6]
November 3, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located to the east of Norfolk Island.^[6]
November 23, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 29 – 30, 1936 – A tropical cyclone was located to the north-northwest of Norfolk Island.^[6]
1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Palmerston Island in the Southern Cook Islands, which caused Captain J Benton to move 12 people to the island of Manihiki.^[6]

1937

January 13 – 14, 1937 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
January 21–26, 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Santa Cruz Islands and Vanuatu where at least six deaths were reported.^[11]^[6]
January 28 – 29, 1937 – A tropical cyclone moved south-eastwards over Norfolk Island.^[6]
February 8, 1937 – A tropical cyclone developed to the northeast of Vanuatu.^[6]
February 21 – 23, 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga where it became the worst tropical cyclone to impact the islands in 22 years.^[6]
February 25 – 27, 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Southern Cook Islands and the Austral Islands.^[8]
March 25 – 26, 1937 – A tropical cyclone moved southwards from New Caledonia and passed near Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 21 – 25, 1937 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
August 29 – 30, 1937 – A tropical cyclone passed to the northeast of Norfolk Island.^[6]
October 15 – 16, 1937 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 27, 1937 – January 2, 1938 – A tropical cyclone moved from New Caledonia and passed over Norfolk Island, before it dissipated in the Tasman Sea during January 2, 1938.^[6]

1938

February 21 – 28, 1938 – During February 21, a tropical cyclone developed about 320 km (200 mi) to the west of Lautoka, Fiji. Over the next few days, the system moved southwards and caused heavy rain, flooding and gale force winds over the island nation between February 25–28.^[6]^[14]
April 1 – 14, 1938 – A tropical cyclone was located between the Queensland Coast and Norfolk Island.^[6]
May 18 – 19, 1938 – A tropical cyclone was recurved near Norfolk Island.^[6]
June 4, 1938 – A tropical cyclone was located near Norfolk Island.^[6]
July 24–28, 1938 – A tropical cyclone was located over the Tasman Sea to the south of Norfolk Island.^[6]
December 21 – 22, 1938 – A tropical cyclone impacted Viti Levu where it caused some minor wind damage and the main roads to be blocked by landslides.^[14]
1938 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Santa Cruz Islands, where it removed most of the vegetation on the island of Utupia.^[11]

1939

January 15 – 21, 1939 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga, where it caused severe damage to trees, buildings, roads and bridges.^[14]^[6]
January 30, 1939 – A weakening tropical cyclone moved from southern Queensland to northern New Zealand.^[6]
January 1939 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan Islands.^[6]
March 16, 1939 – A tropical cyclone made landfall on the Fijian island of Viti Levu.^[6]
March 25 – 26, 1939 – A tropical cyclone impacted New Caledonia.^[6]^[12]
March 27, 1939 – A tropical cyclone north-eastwards from the coast of New South Wales and moved near Norfolk Island.^[6]
April 3 – 6, 1939 – A tropical cyclone impacted Rotuma and western parts of the island nation, where it had a minor impact and caused gale-force winds over the island nation.^[9]^[14]
December 25 – 29, 1939 – During December 25, a tropical cyclone developed near the Santa Cruz Islands and moved south-eastwards towards Fiji over the next few days.^[18] The system subsequently made landfall over Viti Levu during December 28, before it passed well to the south of Nukuʻalofa, Tonga the following day.^[18]^[6] The system caused minor damage to the Fijian Islands, while a minimum pressure of 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) and wind gusts of 110 km/h (65 mph) were reported in Suva.^[1]
December 26, 1939 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan Islands.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Kerr, Ian S (March 1, 1976). "Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Southwest Pacific: November 1939 to May 1969" (PDF). pp. 23–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Visher, Stephen Sargent (June 1922). "Tropical Cyclones in Australia and the South Pacific and Indian Oceans" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 50 (6): 288–295. Bibcode:1922MWRv...50..288V. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1922)50<288:TCIAAT>2.0.CO;2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Visher, Stephen Sargent (1925). "Hurricanes in the Western South Pacific". Bulletin 20: Tropical Cyclones of the Pacific. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/mdp.39015023271763
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 27: Tropical cyclones affecting Fiji: 1840 – 1923 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
^ ^a ^b "Hurricane at the Islands". The Daily Telegraph. No. 6479. New South Wales, Australia. 17 March 1900. p. 10. Retrieved 8 August 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc d'Aubert, AnaMaria; Nunn, Patrick D (March 2012). "Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970)". Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific. pp. 172–241. ISBN 978-1-4691-7008-4.
^ "Our Telegrams". The Cobargo Chronicle. February 15, 1901. p. 3. Retrieved November 9, 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Autour De La Saison 1982–1983 Des Perturbations Tropicales En Polynésie Française" [Around the 1982–1983 Season of Tropical Disturbances in French Polynesia]. Météorologie Maritime. 120: 14–30. ISSN 2107-0830.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gosai, Ashmita; Motilal, Simon (August 15, 2001). Information Sheet No. 125: List of Floods Occuring [sic] in the Fiji Islands: 1840 – 2000 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^ "Hurricane in the New Hebridies". The Evening Telegraph. Vol. 6, no. 1768. February 12, 1907. p. 3. Retrieved November 9, 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Radford, Deirdre A; Blong, Russell J (1992). "Cyclones in the Solomon Islands". Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands (PDF). Vol. 1 (2 ed.). The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 125–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Climatologie des cyclones: Phénomènes ayant le plus durement touché la Nouvelle-Calédonie: De 1880 à nos jours" [Climatologie des cyclones: Phenomena that have hit New Caledonia the hardest from 1880 to the present day] (in French). Meteo France New Caledonia. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Basher, Reid; Collen, Bronwen; Fitzharris, Blair; Hay, John; Mullan, Brett; Salinger, Jim (April 1992). "Appendix 4: Tropical Cyclones affecting the Southwest Pacific 1830–1989". Preliminary Studies for South Pacific Climate Change (PDF). The New Zealand Meteorological Service. p. 51. ISBN 047707345X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 28: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1923 – 1939 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. May 19, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Yeo, Stephen W.; Blong, Russell J. (July 2010). "Fiji's worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood". Disasters. 34 (3). Wiley: 657–683. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01163.x. PMID 20298265.
^ ^a ^b "Fijian Doctor Saves Island Population". The Uralla Times. April 30, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved November 9, 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ ^a ^b Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 7: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1939/40 – 1948/49 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.

External links

Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)

This page was last edited on 14 January 2024, at 10:29

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Transcription

Background

Systems

1900–09

1910s

1920s

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

See also

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

References

External links