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1889 United States House of Representatives elections

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1889 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1888 January 29, 1889 – November 30, 1889 1890 →

15 (out of 336) seats to the United States House of Representatives
169 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Thomas Brackett Reed John G. Carlisle
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat Maine 1st Kentucky 6th
Last election 179 seats 152 seats
Seats won 9 6
Seat change Increase 5 Steady

There were 14 elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1889 to the 50th United States Congress and 51st United States Congress. Of these, at least 10 were special elections and 4 were general elections for new states.

One of the elections was for two seats, so the total members elected were 15.

The only gains came from new seats, created for the new states of Montana,  South Dakota, North Dakota, and Washington. From these new states, 5 new Republicans were elected to the House.

Elections are listed by date and district.

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Transcription

Hi, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government and Politics, and today we're going to talk about what is, if you ask the general public, the most important part of politics: elections. If you ask me, it's hair styles. Look at Martin Van Buren's sideburns, how could he not be elected? Americans are kind of obsessed with elections, I mean when this was being recorded in early 2015, television, news and the internet were already talking about who would be Democrat and Republican candidates for president in 2016. And many of the candidates have unofficially been campaigning for years. I've been campaigning; your grandma's been campaigning. Presidential elections are exciting and you can gamble on them. Is that legal, can you gamble on them, Stan? Anyway, why we're so obsessed with them is a topic for another day. Right now I'm gonna tell you that the fixation on the presidential elections is wrong, but not because the president doesn't matter. No, today we're gonna look at the elections of the people that are supposed to matter the most, Congress. Constitutionally at least, Congress is the most important branch of government because it is the one that is supposed to be the most responsive to the people. One of the main reasons it's so responsive, at least in theory, is the frequency of elections. If a politician has to run for office often, he or she, because unlike the president we have women serving in Congress, kind of has to pay attention to what the constituents want, a little bit, maybe. By now, I'm sure that most of you have memorized the Constitution, so you recognize that despite their importance in the way we discuss politics, elections aren't really a big feature of the Constitution. Except of course for the ridiculously complex electoral college system for choosing the president, which we don't even want to think about for a few episodes. In fact, here's what the Constitution says about Congressional Elections in Article 1 Section 2: "The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature." So the Constitution does establish that the whole of the house is up for election every 2 years, and 1/3 of the senate is too, but mainly it leaves the scheduling and rules of elections up to the states. The actual rules of elections, like when the polls are open and where they actually are, as well as the registration requirements, are pretty much up to the states, subject to some federal election law. If you really want to know the rules in your state, I'm sure that someone at the Board of Elections, will be happy to explain them to you. Really, you should give them a call; they're very, very lonely. In general though, here's what we can say about American elections. First stating the super obvious, in order to serve in congress, you need to win an election. In the House of Representatives, each election district chooses a single representative, which is why we call them single-member districts. The number of districts is determined by the Census, which happens every 10 years, and which means that elections ending in zeros are super important, for reasons that I'll explain in greater detail in a future episode. It's because of gerrymandering. The Senate is much easier to figure out because both of the state Senators are elected by the entire state. It's as if the state itself were a single district, which is true for states like Wyoming, which are so unpopulated as to have only 1 representative. Sometimes these elections are called at large elections. Before the election ever happens, you need candidates. How candidates are chosen differs from state to state, but usually it has something to do with political parties, although it doesn't have to. Why are things so complicated?! What we can say is that candidates, or at least good candidates, usually have certain characteristics. Sorry America. First off, if you are gonna run for office, you should have an unblemished record, free of, oh I don't know, felony convictions or sex scandals, except maybe in Louisiana or New York. This might lead to some pretty bland candidates or people who are so calculating that they have no skeletons in their closet, but we Americans are a moral people and like our candidates to reflect our ideals rather than our reality. The second characteristic that a candidate must possess is the ability to raise money. Now some candidates are billionaires and can finance their own campaigns. But most billionaires have better things to do: buying yachts, making even more money, building money forts, buying more yachts, so they don't have time to run for office. But most candidates get their money for their campaigns by asking for it. The ability to raise money is key, especially now, because running for office is expensive. Can I get a how expensive is it? "How expensive is it?!" Well, so expensive that the prices of elections continually rises and in 2012 winners of House races spent nearly 2 million each. Senate winners spent more than 10 million. By the time this episode airs, I'm sure the numbers will be much higher like a gajillion billion million. Money is important in winning an election, but even more important, statistically, is already being in Congress. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The person holding an office who runs for that office again is called the incumbent and has a big advantage over any challenger. This is according to political scientists who, being almost as bad at naming things as historians, refer to this as incumbency advantage. There are a number of reasons why incumbents tend to hold onto their seats in congress, if they want to. The first is that a sitting congressman has a record to run on, which we hope includes some legislative accomplishments, although for the past few Congresses, these don't seem to matter. The record might include case work, which is providing direct services to constituents. This is usually done by congressional staffers and includes things like answering questions about how to get certain government benefits or writing recommendation letters to West Point. Congressmen can also provide jobs to constituents, which is usually a good way to get them to vote for you. These are either government jobs, kind of rare these days, called patronage or indirect employment through government contracts for programs within a Congressman's district. These programs are called earmarks or pork barrel programs, and they are much less common now because Congress has decided not to use them any more, sort of. The second advantage that incumbents have is that they have a record of winning elections, which if you think about it, is pretty obvious. Being a proven winner makes it easier for a congressmen to raise money, which helps them win, and long term incumbents tend to be more powerful in Congress which makes it even easier for them to raise money and win. The Constitution give incumbents one structural advantage too. Each elected congressman is allowed $100,000 and free postage to send out election materials. This is called the franking privilege. It's not so clear how great an advantage this is in the age of the internet, but at least according to the book The Victory Lab, direct mail from candidates can be surprisingly effective. How real is this incumbency advantage? Well if you look at the numbers, it seems pretty darn real. Over the past 60 years, almost 90% of members of The House of Representatives got re-elected. The Senate has been even more volatile, but even at the low point in 1980 more than 50% of sitting senators got to keep their jobs. Thanks, Thought Bubble. You're so great. So those are some of the features of congressional elections. Now, if you'll permit me to get a little politically sciencey, I'd like to try to explain why elections are so important to the way that Congressmen and Senators do their jobs. In 1974, political scientist David Mayhew published a book in which he described something he called "The Electoral Connection." This was the idea that Congressmen were primarily motivated by the desire to get re-elected, which intuitively makes a lot of sense, even though I'm not sure what evidence he had for this conclusion. Used to be able to get away with that kind of thing I guess, clearly David may-not-hew to the rules of evidence, pun [rim shot], high five, no. Anyway Mayhew's research methodology isn't as important as his idea itself because The Electoral Connection provides a frame work for understanding congressman's activities. Mayhew divided representatives' behaviors and activities into three categories. The first is advertising; congressmen work to develop their personal brand so that they are recognizable to voters. Al D'Amato used to be know in New York as Senator Pothole, because he was able to bring home so much pork that he could actually fix New York's streets. Not by filling them with pork, money, its money, remember pork barrel spending? The second activity is credit claiming; Congressmen get things done so that they can say they got them done. A lot of case work and especially pork barrel spending are done in the name of credit claiming. Related to credit claiming, but slightly different, is position taking. This means making a public judgmental statement on something likely to be of interest to voters. Senators can do this through filibusters. Representatives can't filibuster, but they can hold hearings, publicly supporting a hearing is a way of associating yourself with an idea without having to actually try to pass legislation. And of course they can go on the TV, especially on Sunday talk shows. What's a TV, who even watches TV? Now the idea of The Electoral Connection doesn't explain every action a member of Congress takes; sometimes they actually make laws to benefit the public good or maybe solve problems, huh, what an idea! But Mayhew's idea gives us a way of thinking about Congressional activity, an analytical lens that connects what Congressmen actually do with how most of us understand Congressmen, through elections. So the next time you see a Congressmen call for a hearing on a supposed horrible scandal or read about a Senator threatening to filibuster a policy that may have significant popular support, ask yourself, "Is this Representative claiming credit or taking a position, and how will this build their brand?" In other words: what's the electoral connection and how will whatever they're doing help them get elected? This might feel a little cynical, but the reality is Mayhew's thesis often seems to fit with today's politics. Thanks for watching, see you next week. Vote for me; I'm on the TV. I'm not -- I'm on the YouTube. Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal. Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity. Learn more about their mission and initiatives at Voqal.org. Crash Course is made by all of these nice people. Thanks for watching. That guy isn't nice.

Special elections

50th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1 Alvin P. Hovey Republican 1886 Incumbent resigned January 17, 1889 to become Governor of Indiana.
New member elected January 29, 1889.[1]
Republican hold.
Successor seated February 6, 1889.[2]
Winner had not been elected to the next term, see 1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana.
Missouri 4 James N. Burnes Democratic 1882 Incumbent died January 23, 1889.
elected February 19, 1889.[3]
Democratic hold.
Successor seated February 25, 1889.[2]
Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.

51st Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri 4 James N. Burnes Democratic 1882 Incumbent member-elect died January 23, 1889.
New member elected February 19, 1889 for the term starting March 4, 1889.
Democratic hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
Winner was not elected to finish the current term, see above.
Illinois 19 Richard W. Townshend Democratic 1876 Incumbent died March 9, 1889.
New member elected May 21, 1889.[7]
Democratic hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
Kansas 4 Thomas Ryan Republican 1876 Incumbent resigned April 4, 1889 after being appointed U.S. Minister to Mexico.
New member elected May 21, 1889.[8]
Republican hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
Louisiana 3 Edward J. Gay Democratic 1884 Incumbent died May 30, 1889.
New member elected September 3, 1889.[9]
Democratic hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
Nebraska 2 James Laird Republican 1882 Incumbent died August 17, 1889.
New member elected November 5, 1889.[11]
Republican hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
New York 9 Samuel S. Cox Democratic 1856 (Ohio)
1864 (Lost)
1868
1885 (Resigned)
1886
Incumbent died September 10, 1889.
New member elected November 5, 1889.[12]
Democratic hold.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]
New York 27 Newton W. Nutting Republican 1882
1884 (Lost)
1886
Incumbent died October 15, 1889.
New member elected November 5, 1889.[13]
Republican hold.
Successor seated December 2, 1889.[4]
  • Green tickY Sereno E. Payne (Republican) 60.13%
  • Woolsey R. Hopkins (Democratic) 38.31%
  • Charles Mills (Prohibition) 1.56%[13]
New York 6 Frank T. Fitzgerald Democratic 1888 Incumbent resigned November 4, 1889 to become Register of New York County.
New member elected November 30, 1889.[14]
Democratic hold.
New member seated December 9, 1889.[4]
  • Green tickY Charles H. Turner (Democratic) 82.3%
  • George W. Collier (Republican) 13.9%[6]
  • Michael Hines (Prohibition) 2.31%
  • John J. Haley (Unknown) 1.49%[14]

Montana

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Montana at-large None (New seat) New seat.
New member elected October 1, 1889.[15]
Republican gain.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]

North Dakota

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Dakota at-large None (New seat) New seat.
New member elected October 1, 1889.[16]
Republican gain.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]

South Dakota

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Dakota at-large
2 seats on a general ticket
None (New seat) New seat.
New member elected October 1, 1889.[17]
Republican gain.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]
None (New seat) New seat.
New member elected October 1, 1889.[17]
Republican gain.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]

Washington

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Washington at-large None (New seat) New seat.
New member elected October 1, 1889.[18]
Republican gain.
New member seated December 2, 1889.[4]


Notes

  1. ^ a b probably "Frances"

References

  1. ^ a b "IN - District 01 Special Election". September 17, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  2. ^ a b "Fiftieth Congress March 4, 1887, to March 3, 1889". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "MO District 4 - Special Election". December 15, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Fifty-First Congress March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1891". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  5. ^ "MO District 4 - Special Election". December 15, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections. 1975. p. 661.
  7. ^ a b "IL - District 19 Special Election". February 26, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  8. ^ a b "KS - District 04 - Special Election". May 5, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  9. ^ "The Third District: Price Elected By Over Six Thousand Majority". The Times-Democrat. September 4, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  10. ^ "LA - District 03 Special Election". October 15, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  11. ^ a b "NE - District 02 Special Election". July 2, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  12. ^ a b "NY District 09 - Special Election". December 31, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  13. ^ a b "NY District 27 - Special Election". April 14, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  14. ^ a b "NY District 06". June 13, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  15. ^ a b "MT At-Large". July 9, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  16. ^ a b "ND At Large - Initial Election". April 14, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  17. ^ a b c "SD At Large - Initial Election". January 19, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  18. ^ "WA At-Large". June 29, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
  19. ^ Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 1085. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
This page was last edited on 25 August 2023, at 03:44
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