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1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1858 & 1859 August 6, 1860 – October 24, 1861 1862 & 1863 →

All 183 seats in the United States House of Representatives
92 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader William Pennington Samuel Cox
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat New Jersey 5th
(lost re-election)
Ohio 12th
Last election 116 seats 83 seats
Seats won 106 44
Seat change Decrease 10 Decrease 54
Popular vote 1,793,876 1,520,785
Percentage 46.91% 39.77%
Swing Increase 10.32% Decrease 8.29%

  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Unionist Southern Rights
Last election 0 seats 0 seats
Seats won 31[a] 1
Seat change Increase 31 Increase 1
Popular vote 324,992[b] 52,501[c]
Percentage 8.50% 1.37%
Swing New New

  Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Last election 15 seats[d]
Seats won 1[e]
Seat change Decrease 14
Popular vote 105,210[f]
Percentage 2.75%
Swing Decrease 4.16%

Results
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Unionist gain      Independent hold

Speaker before election

William Pennington
Republican

Elected Speaker

Galusha Grow
Republican

The 1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 6, 1860, and October 24, 1861, before or after the first session of the 37th United States Congress convened on July 4, 1861. The number of House seats initially increased to 239 when California was apportioned an extra one, but these elections were affected by the outbreak of the American Civil War and resulted in over 56 vacancies.

In November 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency. Though Republicans lost seats, the party won a House majority anyway as seven slave states reacted to Lincoln's election by seceding before the Presidential inauguration. These seceding states formed the Confederacy in February 1861 while withdrawing many Representatives and Senators from Congress, almost all Democrats. As both sides in the impending American Civil War initially mobilized troops, another four slave states seceded by May 1861 in response to Lincoln's policy of using Federal force to defend Federal property and to coerce the seven initially seceding states. The four remaining slave states did not secede, electing and returning Representatives normally.

Unionist regions of three seceding states returned ten Representatives: five from western Virginia, three from eastern Tennessee, and two from southern Louisiana. Except for a tiny minority of outspoken Democrats, all Representatives supported the Union. Representatives opposing Democrats but unwilling to identify as Republican, particularly from slave states and including some remaining nativist American Party members, coalesced as the Unionist Party. In coalition with the Unionists, Republicans commanded over a two-thirds House supermajority.[1]

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Transcription

Election summaries

California was apportioned one additional seat for the 37th Congress,[2] increasing the total seats to 239.

Representatives from seceding states overwhelmingly were Democrats. Withdrawal of these Representatives boosted Republican House control. Some seceding states held Federal elections, but seceded before the elected Representatives served. Other seceding states held no Federal elections.

44 1 108 30
Democratic [g] Republican Unionist
State Type Date Total
seats
Democratic Republican Unionist[h] Others
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Kansas[i] At-large December 1, 1859 1 0 Steady 1 Increase 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Oregon At-large June 4, 1860 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Arkansas District August 6, 1860 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Missouri District August 6, 1860 7 5 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 1 Increase 1 0 Decrease 1[j]
Vermont District September 4, 1860 3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maine District September 10, 1860 6 0 Steady 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Florida At-large October 1, 1860 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
South Carolina District October 8–9, 1860 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Indiana District October 9, 1860 11 4 Steady 7 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Iowa District October 9, 1860 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Ohio District October 9, 1860 21 8 Increase 2 13 Decrease 2 0 Steady 0 Steady
Pennsylvania District October 9, 1860 25 6 Increase 1 19 Decrease 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Delaware At-large November 6, 1860
(Election Day)[k]
1 0 Decrease 1 0 Steady 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
Illinois District 9 5 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Massachusetts District 11 0 Steady 10 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
Michigan District 4 0 Decrease 1 4 Increase 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Minnesota At-large 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
New Jersey District 5 3 Increase 1 2 Decrease 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
New York District 33 10[e] Increase 3 23 Decrease 3 0 Steady 0 Steady
Wisconsin District 3 0 Decrease 1 3 Increase 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1861 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire District March 12, 1861 3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Connecticut District April 1, 1861 4 2 Increase 2 2 Decrease 2 0 Steady 0 Steady
Rhode Island District April 3, 1861 2 0 Steady 0 Decrease 2 2 Increase 2 0 Steady
Maryland District June 13, 1861 6 0 Decrease 3 0 Steady 6 Increase 6 0 Decrease 3[j]
Kentucky District June 20, 1861 10 1 Decrease 4 0 Steady 9 Increase 9 0 Decrease 5[l]
Late elections (after the July 4, 1861 beginning of the first session of the 37th Congress)
Tennessee[m] District August 1, 1861[3] 10[n] 0 Decrease 3 0 Steady 3 Increase 3 0 Decrease 7[l]
California At-large September 4, 1861 3[o] 0 Steady 3 Increase 1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Seceded states not holding full elections
Alabama District None 7 0 Decrease 7 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Georgia District None 8 0 Decrease 6 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Decrease 2[p]
Louisiana District None 4 0 Decrease 3 0 Steady 2[q] Increase 2 0 Decrease 1[l]
Mississippi District None 5 0 Decrease 5 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
North Carolina District None 8 0 Decrease 5 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Decrease 3[l]
Texas District None 2 0 Decrease 2 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Virginia District None 13[r] 0 Decrease 12 0 Steady 5[s] Increase 5 0 Decrease 1[l]
Total[t] 181
58 vacancies
45[e]
24.6%
Decrease 53 108
59.0%
Decrease 8 30
16.4%
Increase 30 0
0.0%
Decrease 24[u]
Popular vote
Republican
46.91%
Democratic
39.77%
Unionist
8.50%
Southern Rights
1.37%
Independent
2.75%
Others
0.70%
House seats
Republican
57.92%
Democratic
24.04%
Unionist
16.94%
Southern Rights
0.55%
Independent
0.55%

Special elections

There were special elections in 1860–61 during the 36th United States Congress and 37th United States Congress.

36th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri 1 Francis P. Blair Jr. Republican 1856
1858 (lost)
1860 (contested)
Incumbent resigned June 25, 1860.
New member elected October 3, 1860.
Democratic gain.
Winner lost election to the next term; see below.
Pennsylvania 8 John Schwartz Anti-Lecompton
Democratic
1858 Incumbent died June 20, 1860.
New member elected October 9, 1860.
Democratic hold.
Winner was not a candidate for election to the next term.
Maine 5 Israel Washburn Jr. Republican 1850 Incumbent resigned January 1, 1861 to become Governor of Maine.
New member elected November 6, 1860.
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate for election to the next term.
New York 31 Silas M. Burroughs Republican 1856 Incumbent died June 3, 1860.
New member elected November 6, 1860.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Edwin R. Reynolds (Republican) 59.02%
  • Linus J. Peck (Democratic) 39.09%
  • James L. Bowen (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.89%[7]

37th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 7 Thomas Corwin Republican 1858 Incumbent resigned March 12, 1861 to become U.S. Minister to Mexico.
New member elected May 28, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Winner seated July 4, 1861.
Ohio 13 John Sherman Republican 1854 Incumbent resigned March 12, 1861 to become U.S. Senator.
New member elected May 28, 1861.
Republican hold.
Winner seated July 4, 1861.
Massachusetts 3 Charles F. Adams Sr. Republican 1858 Incumbent resigned May 1, 1861 to become Ambassador to Great Britain.
New member elected June 11, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Pennsylvania 2 Edward Joy Morris Republican 1856 Incumbent resigned June 8, 1861 to become U.S. Minister Resident to Turkey.
New member elected June 21, 1861.
Democratic gain.
Winner seated July 2, 1861.
Pennsylvania 12 George W. Scranton Republican 1858 Incumbent died March 24, 1861.
New member elected June 21, 1861.
Democratic gain.
Winner seated July 4, 1861.
Iowa 1 Samuel Curtis Republican 1856 Incumbent resigned August 4, 1861 to become colonel of the 2nd Iowa Infantry.
New member elected October 8, 1861.
Republican hold.
Virginia 11 John S. Carlile Unionist 1859 Incumbent resigned July 9, 1861 to become United States Senator from the loyal faction of Virginia.
New member elected October 24, 1861.[14]
Unionist hold.
Winner took his seat December 2, 1861.
Massachusetts 5 William Appleton Constitutional
Union
1850
1854 (lost)
1860
Incumbent resigned September 27, 1861 due to failing health.
New member elected November 5, 1861.
Republican gain.
Winner seated December 2, 1861.
Illinois 6 John A. McClernand Democratic 1859 (special) Incumbent resigned October 28, 1861 to accept a commission as brigadier general of volunteers for service in the Civil War.
New member elected December 12, 1861.
Democratic hold.

Impact of the secessionist movement

United States 37th Congress,1861.
Pro-union Free states: dark blue. Pro-Union Slave' states: light blue; (West Virginia abolished slavery with statehood.)
Secessionist Convention Slave states: red
The numbers in Congress are reduced by the 'vacant' seats

In the wake of the declared secession of South Carolina from the Union on December 20, 1860, many Southern House members, mostly Democrats, refused to take their seats. Before 1872, different states held elections at various times; the first elections for the 37th Congress were held on August 6, 1860, in Arkansas and Missouri, while the last election took place in California on September 4, 1861, a year later. Three Southern states – Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina – chose Representatives before the presidential election, electing seven Democrats and two independents. These were the only House elections from the seceding states to the 37th Congress. After South Carolina resolved disunion and the Confederate States of America was formed, other Southern states declared as well and elected Representatives to the new Congress of the Confederate States instead of the United States Congress.

Since the states not holding elections had many strong Democratic districts – in the previous 36th Congress their Representatives included a total of 46 Democrats, 14 Oppositionists, five independents, and one member of the American Party – when Congress was called into session on July 4, 1861 (five months earlier than usual at the time) the size of the Democratic House caucus had been drastically reduced, resulting in a huge Republican majority.

Of the 183 seats, 102 were held by Republicans, 45 by Democrats,[e] 23 by Unionists, and five others by one party each. There were several vacancies, and California had not held its election when Congress assembled.

End of a Congressional era

US Congressional Party Transformation, 1857–1863[17]
Congress 35th
1857–59
36th
1859–61
37th
1861–63
United States House of Representatives
Seats (change) 237 (+3) 238 (+1) 183 (–55)
Republicans 90.38% 116.49% 108.59%
Unionists 0.0% 0.0% 31.17%
Americans (+) 14.6% 39.16% (4-way split) 0.0%
Democrats 133.56% 83.35% 44.24%
United States Senate
Seats (change) 66 (+4) 68 (+2) 50 (–18)
Republicans 20.30% 26.38% 31.62%
Unionists 0.0% 0.0% 3.6%
Americans 5.8% 2.3% 0.0%
Democrats 41.62% 38.58% 15.30%

In 1860, Lincoln's campaign brought the Republicans the Presidency. Likewise, the congressional elections also marked the transition from one major era of political parties to another. In just six years, over the course of the 35th, 36th–th Congresses, a complete reversal of party fortunes swamped the Democrats.[18]

Columbia switches Stephen A. Douglas labeled with early election date 'news from Maine'.
Uncle Sam looks on approvingly.
Other early returns in PA, OH and IN showed good prospects for Republicans in the upcoming federal elections[19]

Elections for Congress were held from August 1860 to June 1861. They were held before, during and after the pre-determined Presidential campaign. And they were held before, during and after the secessionist campaigns in various states as they were reported throughout the country. Political conditions varied hugely from time to time during the course of congressional selection, but they had been shifting to a considerable extent in the years running up to the crisis.[20]

In the 1856 elections, the Democrats had taken the Presidency for the sixth time in the last 40 years, with James Buchanan's victory over John C. Fremont and Millard Fillmore. They held almost a two-thirds majority in both the US House and Senate. Democrats held onto the Senate during the midterm elections, but the four opposition parties then amounted to two-thirds of the House. The congressional elections in 1860 transformed Democratic fortunes: Republican and Unionist candidates won a two-thirds majority in both House and Senate.[21]

After the secessionist withdrawal, resignation and expulsion, the Democrats would have less than 25% of the House for the 37th Congress, and that minority divided further between pro-unionists (Stephen Douglas), and anti-war (Clement Vallandingham) factions.[22]

Results by region

The politics of these elections were distinctive in every region of the country. The more conventional listing of Members in their state delegations, alphabetically by state, can be found in the 37th Congress article.

Party Total seats Change Percentage
Republican 108 –8 59.0%
Democratic 44 –39 24.0%
Independent Democratic 1 0.5%
Constitutional Unionist 30 +30 16.3%
Totals 183 –56 100.0%

Each Region below lists the states composing it using Freehling's descriptions from 1860. The Representative's biographies are linked at their names. Each congressional district has a link, named by its state abbreviation and its assigned number or noted At-large election. In a time before the Census Department published aggregate population data by congressional district, the reader may have ready access to census data identifying the makeup of those each district by referring to their respective articles.

The articles use different formats. The constituent counties of congressional districts are sometimes listed in a content heading "List of representatives" within tables. These tables have a column naming the District's counties for each election, such as (a) "District Area" for Massachusetts, or (b) "Area" for Illinois and Maryland. Virginia uses "Historical composition of the district" to describe composition at each reapportionment. Pennsylvania notes the home county of the elected representative, sometimes holding the largest population for respective districts. Minnesota makes a geographical allusion for its 1st District applicable to the 37th Congress. Michigan uses "History" since 1852 for its 4th district. In some states, previous district composition is not described.

New England

ConnecticutMaineMassachusettsNew HampshireRhode IslandVermont

The twenty-nine seats in the House among these six states are divided 24 Republican, two Union one Constitutional Union, and two Democratic. The region is important nationally in manufacturing and intellectually as the center of literature, Transcendentalism and the abolition movement.

North Central

New JerseyNew York

The 38 Representatives from this region would seat 25 Republicans and thirteen Democrats. This region had the closest commercial and social ties to the South due to its sea-going commerce and trans-shipping cotton to local textile plants and for export.

Border North

IllinoisIndianaMichiganOhioPennsylvaniaWisconsin

The 73 seats in this region were split 50 Republican, 23 Democratic. Illinois is the only state here with more Democrats than Republicans.

These are free-soil states, north of the Mason–Dixon line. These states had either abolished slavery, or Congress had forbidden it in their Territory, and they had forbidden it at the beginning of their statehood.[23]

Border South and Middle South

DelawareKentuckyMarylandMissouriTennesseeVirginia

Of the 47 Representatives in these six states, 24 are Union Party, 1 Constitutional Union, 6 Democratic,– would be vacant in Virginia and Tennessee.

These were "slaveholding" states, all south of the Mason–Dixon line. The border south states had less than 2% to more than 19% of their 1860 population held as slaves, with an average of 13%; middle south states ranged from 25 to 33% slaves, with an average of 29%. (Deep South 43–57%, except Texas, with 30%.)[24]

Eight seats in Virginia and seven seats in Tennessee represented large numbers of citizens resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. They were declared vacant in 37th Congress documents.[25]

Trans-Mississippi West

CaliforniaIowaKansasMinnesotaOregonNon-voting members

West of the Mississippi, there were 16 Representatives from states, and 9 Delegates from territories. The states elected nine Republicans and one Democrat. The Territories elected four Republicans, one Democrat and two Independents.

When California entered the Union, it broke the free soil - slave state tie in the Senate. Minnesota, and Oregon followed as free-soil states. Once Congress was depleted of the secessionist Democrats, the lame-duck 36th Congress admitted Kansas as a free state in January 1861, in time for it to send a Representative to the 37th Congress in March. The Republican Congress elected in 1860 began funding the transcontinental railroad, in July 1862. Nevada was admitted before the end of the Civil War in the next, 38th, Congress.

Vacant state delegations

AlabamaArkansasFloridaGeorgiaLouisianaMississippiNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaTexas

Forty-three seats represented large numbers of citizens in nine states resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. The following state delegations were entirely vacated.

Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia are accounted for in the "Border South and Middle South" section.

Alabama

Alabama did not elect members to the House.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Alabama 1 James Stallworth Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 2 James L. Pugh Democratic 1859 Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 3 David Clopton Democratic 1859 Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 4 Sydenham Moore Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 5 George S. Houston Democratic 1851 Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 6 Williamson Cobb Democratic 1847 Incumbent withdrew January 30, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Alabama 7 Jabez L. M. Curry Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.

Arkansas

Arkansas elected its members on August 6, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas 1 Thomas C. Hindman Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.
Arkansas 2 Albert Rust Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Independent gain.
Seat later vacated.

California

From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at large, with the top two vote-getters winning the election from 1849 to 1858. In the 1860 census, California gained a seat in the House.

California elected its members on September 4, 1861, after the first session of the new Congress began.

The top three vote-getters were elected, but only the top two were seated at the beginning of the session. When Congress later authorized California the third seat, Frederick Low was seated June 3, 1862.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California at-large John C. Burch Democratic 1859 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
  • Green tickY Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) 15.6%
  • Green tickY Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) 15.3%
  • Green tickY Frederick Low[v] (Republican) 11.8%
  • Henry Edgerton (Independent) 10.7%
  • Joseph C. McKibben (Independent) 10.7%
  • Frank Ganahl (Breckinridge Democratic) 10.2%
  • Henry P. Barber (Independent) 9.5%
  • D. O. Shattuck (Independent) 9.5%
  • John R. Gitchell (Union Democratic) 6.8%
Charles L. Scott Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
None (new seat) New seat.
Republican gain.

Colorado Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

Connecticut elected its members on April 1, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut 1 Dwight Loomis Republican 1859 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 2 John Woodruff Republican 1855
1856 (lost)
1859
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Connecticut 3 Alfred A. Burnham Republican 1859 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 4 Orris S. Ferry Republican 1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.

Dakota Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

Delaware elected its member on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Delaware at-large William G. Whiteley Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.

Florida

Florida elected its member on October 1, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large George S. Hawkins Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Seat later vacated.

Georgia

Georgia did not elect members to the House.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia 1 Peter Early Love Democratic 1859 Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Georgia 2 Martin J. Crawford Democratic 1855 Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Georgia 3 Thomas Hardeman Jr. Opposition 1859 Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Georgia 4 Lucius J. Gartrell Democratic 1857 Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Georgia 5 John W. H. Underwood Democratic 1859 Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Georgia 6 James Jackson Democratic 1857 Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Georgia 7 Joshua Hill Know Nothing 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Know Nothing loss.
None.
Georgia 8 John J. Jones Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.

Illinois

Illinois elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois 1 Elihu B. Washburne Republican 1852 Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois 2 John F. Farnsworth Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Illinois 3 Owen Lovejoy Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Owen Lovejoy (Republican) 60.01%
  • Robert N. Murray (Democratic) 38.20%
  • William N. Murry (Independent) 1.79%
Illinois 4 William Kellogg Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois 5 Isaac N. Morris Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Illinois 6 John A. McClernand Democratic 1859 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois 7 James C. Robinson Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois 8 Philip B. Fouke Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Philip B. Fouke (Democratic) 55.24%
  • Joseph Gillespie (Republican) 44.33%
  • Willis D. Green (Independent) 0.43%
Illinois 9 John A. Logan Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.

Indiana

Indiana elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1 William E. Niblack Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY John Law (Democratic) 55.67%
  • Lemuel Q. Debruler (Republican) 44.33%
Indiana 2 William H. English Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Indiana 3 William M. Dunn Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 4 William S. Holman Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 5 David Kilgore Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Indiana 6 Albert G. Porter Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 7 John G. Davis Anti-Lecompton
Democrat
1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Indiana 8 James Wilson Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Indiana 9 Schuyler Colfax Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 10 Charles Case Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Indiana 11 John U. Pettit Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.

Iowa

Iowa elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa 1 Samuel R. Curtis Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Iowa 2 William Vandever Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.

Kansas

Kansas elected its member on December 1, 1859.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kansas at-large Martin F. Conway Republican 1859 (new state) State admitted January 29, 1861.

Kentucky

Kansas elected its members on June 20, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kentucky 1 Henry C. Burnett Democratic 1855 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 2 Samuel Peyton Democratic 1857 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 3 Francis Bristow Opposition 1854 (special)
1855 (retired)
1859
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 4 William C. Anderson Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 5 John Y. Brown Democratic 1859 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 6 George W. Dunlap Opposition 1847
1849 (retired)
1859
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 7 Robert Mallory Opposition 1859 Incumbent re-elected in a new party.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 8 William E. Simms Democratic 1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 9 Laban T. Moore Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Kentucky 10 John W. Stevenson Democratic 1857 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.

Louisiana

Louisiana seceded on January 26, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Louisiana 1 John Edward Bouligny Know Nothing 1859 No member elected.
Know Nothing loss.
None.
Louisiana 2 Miles Taylor Democratic 1855 Incumbent withdrew February 5, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Louisiana 3 Thomas G. Davidson Democratic 1855 No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Louisiana 4 John M. Landrum Democratic 1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.

Maine

Maine elected its members on September 10, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1 Daniel E. Somes Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY John N. Goodwin (Republican) 53.00%
  • Thomas M. Hayes (Democratic) 46.55%
  • Nathan Webb (Constitutional Union) 0.45%
Maine 2 John J. Perry Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Maine 3 Ezra B. French Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Maine 4 Freeman H. Morse Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Anson Morrill (Republican) 61.54%
  • Benjamin A. Fuller (Democratic) 35.30%
Maine 5 Israel Washburn Jr. Republican 1850 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Maine.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY John H. Rice (Republican) 59.81%
  • Samuel H. Blake (Democratic) 38.69%
  • Ebenezer Hutchinson (Independent) 1.04%
Maine 6 Stephen C. Foster Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.

Maryland

Maryland elected its members on June 13, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1 James A. Stewart Democratic 1855 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Maryland 2 Edwin H. Webster Know Nothing 1859 Incumbent re-elected in a new party.
Unionist gain.
Maryland 3 James M. Harris Know Nothing 1855 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Maryland 4 Henry W. Davis Know Nothing 1855 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Maryland 5 Jacob M. Kunkel Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Maryland 6 George W. Hughes Democratic 1859 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Thomas D. Eliot Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Thomas D. Eliot (Republican) 72.53%
  • Daniel Fisher (Constitutional Union) 10.47%
  • Moses Bates (Democratic) 8.66%
  • F. E. Sanford (Breckinridge Democratic) 8.34%
Massachusetts 2 James Buffington Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 3 Charles Francis Adams Sr. Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 4 Alexander H. Rice Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 Anson Burlingame Republican 1854 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Constitutional Union gain.
Massachusetts 6 John B. Alley Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John B. Alley (Democratic) 53.2%
  • Otis P. Lord (Constitutional Union) 16.16%
  • Jefferson Knight (Democratic) 14.39%
  • George B. Loring (Breckinridge Democratic) 4.72%
Massachusetts 7 Daniel W. Gooch Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Daniel W. Gooch (Republican) 60.48%
  • Charles A. Welch (Democratic) 35.79%
  • George Johnson (Breckinridge Democratic) 3.74%
Massachusetts 8 Charles R. Train Republican 1859 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Charles R. Train (Republican) 64.88%
  • Alpheus R. Brown (Democratic) 16.72%
  • Winthrop E. Faulkner (Constitutional Union) 15.67%
  • James C. Abbott (Breckinridge Democratic) 2.74%
Massachusetts 9 Eli Thayer Constitutional
Union
1856 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts 10 Charles Delano Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Charles Delano (Republican) 75.39%
  • Josiah Allis (Democratic) 19.02%
  • Benning Leavitt (Breckingridge Democratic) 5.59%
Massachusetts 11 Henry L. Dawes Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 67.71%
  • Norman T. Leonard (Democratic) 28.60%
  • John M. Cole (Breckinridge Democratic) 3.69%

Michigan

Michigan its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan 1 William A. Howard Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Bradley F. Granger (Republican) 52.51%
  • George V. Lathrop (Democratic) 47.04%
  • John Conely (Independent) 0.45%
Michigan 2 Henry Waldron Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Michigan 3 Francis W. Kellogg Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Francis W. Kellogg (Republican) 59.04%
  • Thomas B. Church (Democratic) 40.59%
  • John Bell (Independent) 0.37%
Michigan 4 Dewitt C. Leach Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.

Minnesota

Minnesota elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Minnesota at-large Cyrus Aldrich (Republican) 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Minnesota at-large William Windom (Republican) 1858 Incumbent re-elected.

Mississippi

Mississippi seceded on January 9, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 Lucius Q. C. Lamar Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired December 1860.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None
Mississippi 2 Reuben Davis Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None
Mississippi 3 William Barksdale Democratic 1855 Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None
Mississippi 4 Otho R. Singleton Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None
Mississippi 5 John J. McRae Democratic 1858 (special) Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None

Missouri

Missouri elected its members on September 10, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri 1 John Richard Barret Democratic 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Missouri 2 Thomas L. Anderson Independent
Democratic
1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Constitutional Union gain.
Missouri 3 John Bullock Clark Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Missouri 4 James Craig Democratic 1856 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.[34]
Democratic hold
Missouri 5 Samuel H. Woodson American 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Missouri 6 John S. Phelps Democratic 1844 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John S. Phelps (Democratic) 48.89%
  • J. S. Rains (Constitutional Union) 40.02%
  • William C. Price (Ind. Democratic) 11.09%
Missouri 7 John William Noell Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.

Nebraska Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Nevada Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its members on March 12, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire 1 Gilman Marston Republican 1859 Incumbent re-elected.
New Hampshire 2 Mason Tappan Republican 1855 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New Hampshire 3 Thomas M. Edwards Republican 1859 Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

New Jersey its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Jersey 1 John T. Nixon Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New Jersey 2 John L. N. Stratton Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New Jersey 3 Garnett Adrain Anti-Lecompton
Democrat
1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
New Jersey 4 Jetur R. Riggs Anti-Lecompton
Democrat
1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
New Jersey 5 William Pennington Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.

New Mexico Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New York

New York its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 Luther C. Carter Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
New York 2 James Humphrey Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
New York 3 Daniel Sickles Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY Benjamin Wood (Democratic) 52.83%
  • Amer J. Williamson (Republican) 41.11%
  • John Y. Savage (Ind. Democratic) 6.05%
New York 4 Thomas J. Barr Independent
Democratic
1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Independent Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY James Kerrigan (Ind. Democratic) 41.30%
  • Michael Tuomy (Democratic) 32.02%
  • John Commerford (Republican) 26.68%
New York 5 William B. Maclay Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
  • Green tickY William Wall (Republican) 41.00%
  • Nelson Taylor (Democratic) 40.61%
  • John Duffy (Ind. Democratic) 18.39%
New York 6 John Cochrane Democratic 1856 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
New York 7 George Briggs Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
  • Green tickY Elijah Ward (Democratic) 56.23%
  • Augustus F. Dow (Republican) 43.77%
New York 8 Horace F. Clark Anti-Lecompton
Democratic
1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
New York 9 John B. Haskin Anti-Lecompton
Democratic
1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY Edward Haight (Democratic) 53.54%
  • Thomas Nelson (Republican) 46.46%
New York 10 Charles Van Wyck Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 11 William S. Kenyon Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
New York 12 Charles Lewis Beale Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Stephen Baker (Republican) 51.99%
  • Ambrose Wager (Democratic) 46.34%
  • John H. Overheister (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.67%
New York 13 Abram B. Olin Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 14 John H. Reynolds Anti-Lecompton
Democratic
1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
New York 15 James B. McKean Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 16 George W. Palmer Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 17 Francis E. Spinner Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 18 Clark B. Cochrane Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
New York 19 James H. Graham Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 20 Roscoe Conkling Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 21 R. Holland Duell Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 22 M. Lindley Lee Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 23 Charles B. Hoard Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Ambrose W. Clark (Republican) 59.90%
  • James F. Starbuck (Democratic) 38.21%
  • George C. Sherman (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.90%
New York 24 Charles B. Sedgwick Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Charles B. Sedgwick (Republican) 60.42%
  • Lake Tefft (Democratic) 32.92%
  • Luther Hay (Breckinridge Democratic) 6.67%
New York 25 Martin Butterfield Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 26 Emory B. Pottle Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Jacob P. Chamberlain (Republican) 58.26%
  • John L. Lewis (Democratic) 41.02%
  • George N. Clark (Independent) 0.72%
New York 27 Alfred Wells Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 28 William Irvine Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
New York 29 Alfred Ely Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Alfred Ely (Republican) 59.41%
  • Mortimer F. Reynolds (Democratic) 40.59%
New York 30 Augustus Frank Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Augustus Frank (Republican) 67.49%
  • Martin F. Robinson (Democratic) 32.51%
New York 31 Edwin R. Reynolds Republican 1860 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Burt Van Horn (Republican) 58.81%
  • Phineas L. Ely (Democratic) 39.94%
  • Jonathan L. Woods (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.26%
New York 32 Elbridge G. Spaulding Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 33 Reuben Fenton Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Reuben Fenton (Republican) 66.79%
  • Charles H. Lee (Democratic) 33.21%

North Carolina

North Carolina seceded on May 20, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1 William N. H. Smith Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
North Carolina 2 Thomas H. Ruffin Democratic 1853 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
North Carolina 3 Warren Winslow Democratic 1855 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
North Carolina 4 Lawrence O'Bryan Branch Democratic 1855 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
North Carolina 5 John A. Gilmer Opposition 1857 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
North Carolina 6 James M. Leach Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
North Carolina 7 F. Burton Craige Democratic 1853 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
North Carolina 8 Zebulon B. Vance Democratic 1858 (Special) Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.

Ohio

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[38]
Ohio 1 George H. Pendleton Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 48.87%
  • Oliver M. Spencer (Republican) 42.97%
  • A. E. Jones (Constitutional Union) 8.16%
Ohio 2 John A. Gurley Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 3 Clement Vallandigham Democratic 1858 (Won contest) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 50.16%
  • Samuel Craighead (Republican) 49.55%
  • Andrew McClary (Independent) 0.30%
Ohio 4 William Allen Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 5 James M. Ashley Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 6 William Howard Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Ohio 7 Thomas Corwin Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Thomas Corwin (Republican) 69.95%
  • William B. Telfair (Democratic) 20.16%
  • William Stokes (Constitutional Union) 9.89%
Ohio 8 Benjamin Stanton Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 57.55%
  • James S. Harrison (Democratic) 41.23%
  • Edward P. Fyffe (Constitutional Union) 1.22%
Ohio 9 John Carey Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 10 Carey A. Trimble Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 11 Charles D. Martin Democratic 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 12 Samuel S. Cox Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13 John Sherman Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 14 Harrison G. O. Blake Republican (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 15 William Helmick Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 16 Cydnor B. Tompkins Republican 1856 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Ohio 17 Thomas C. Theaker Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 18 Sidney Edgerton Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 19 Edward Wade Republican 1852 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Ohio 20 John Hutchins Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Hutchins (Republican) 71.97%
  • David M. Wilson (Democratic) 28.03%
Ohio 21 John A. Bingham Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John A. Bingham (Republican) 61.17%
  • George Wells (Democratic) 33.71%
  • J. S. Blakely (Independent) 5.12%

Oregon

Poorly coordinated state legislation created confusion. As a result, two elections were held in 1860: on June 4 (won by George K. Shiel and on November 6 (won by Andrew J. Thayer). Thayer was seated March 4, 1861, but Shiel contested the election. On July 30, 1861, the House Elections Committee seated the Shiel for the rest of the term ending March 3, 1863. Both disputants were Democrats.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Oregon at-large Lansing Stout Democratic 1858 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected June 4, 1860.
Democratic hold.
Winner successfully challenged the results of the other election and was seated July 30, 1861.
Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected November 6, 1860.
Democratic hold.
Winner was initially seated but later lost election challenge.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Pennsylvania 1 Thomas B. Florence Democratic 1848 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY William E. Lehman (Democratic) 44.98%
  • John M. Butler (Republican) 44.28%
  • Edward King (Constitutional Union) 10.74%
Pennsylvania 2 Edward J. Morris Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 3 John P. Verree Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John P. Verree (Republican) 49.07%
  • John Kline (Democratic) 48.95%
  • Henry M. Hamilton (Constitutional Union) 1.97%
Pennsylvania 4 William Millward Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY William D. Kelley (Republican) 49.27%
  • William Morgan (Republican) 43.42%
  • John B. Robinson (Constitutional Union) 7.31%
Pennsylvania 5 John Wood Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY William M. Davis (Republican) 47.90%
  • Harry Ingersoll (Democratic) 46.48%
  • James Rittenhouse (Constitutional Union) 5.62%
Pennsylvania 6 John Hickman Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Hickman (Republican) 55.97%
  • John H. Brinton (Democratic) 42.51%
  • Frazier Smith (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 1.52%
Pennsylvania 7 Thomas Corwin Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Thomas Corwin (Republican) 69.95%
  • William B. Telfair (Democratic) 20.16%
  • William Stokes (Constitutional Union) 9.89%
Pennsylvania 8 Jacob K. McKenty Democratic 1860 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Pennsylvania 9 Thaddeus Stevens Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 10 John W. Killinger Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 11 James H. Campbell Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 12 George W. Scranton Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 13 William H. Dimmick Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY Philip Johnson (Democratic) 57.30%
  • David K. Shoemaker (Republican) 42.70%
Pennsylvania 14 Galusha A. Grow Republican 1850 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 15 James Tracy Hale Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 16 Benjamin F. Junkin Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Pennsylvania 17 Edward McPherson Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 18 Samuel S. Blair Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 19 John Covode Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 20 William Montgomery Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • Green tickY Jesse Lazear (Democratic) 52.90%
  • Andrew Stewart (Republican) 47.10%
Pennsylvania 21 James K. Moorhead Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 22 Robert McKnight Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Robert McKnight (Republican) 66.26%
  • Lewis Z. Mitchell (Ind. Democratic) 23.12%
  • George Case (Democratic) 10.62%
Pennsylvania 23 William Stewart Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Pennsylvania 24 Chapin Hall Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY John Patton (Republican) 53.58%
  • James K. Kerr (Democratic) 46.42%
Pennsylvania 25 Elijah Babbitt Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Elijah Babbitt (Republican) 65.85%
  • Edwin C. Wilson (Democratic) 34.15%

Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its members April 3, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened..

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island 1 Christopher Robinson Republican 1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Rhode Island 2 William D. Brayton Republican 1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.

South Carolina

South Carolina its members October 8–9, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1 John McQueen Democratic 1844 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.
  • Green tickY John McQueen (Democratic) 96.94%
  • Charles W. Miller (Independent) 3.06%
South Carolina 2 William P. Miles Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.
South Carolina 3 Laurence M. Keitt Democratic 1853 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Seat later vacated.
South Carolina 4 Milledge L. Bonham Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.
South Carolina 5 John D. Ashmore Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.
South Carolina 6 William W. Boyce Democratic 1853 Incumbent re-elected.
Seat later vacated.

Tennessee

Tennessee elected its members August 1, 1861, but only in East Tennessee, after the first session of the new Congress began.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Thomas A. R. Nelson Opposition 1859 Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist but failed to be seated.
Unionist gain.
Winner was prevented from taking his seat by his arrest.
Tennessee 2 Horace Maynard Opposition 1857 Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 3 Reese B. Brabson Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Winner was prevented from taking his seat by his arrest.
Tennessee 4 William B. Stokes Democratic 1859 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 5 Robert H. Hatton Opposition 1859 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Tennessee 6 James H. Thomas Opposition 1859 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Tennessee 7 John V. Wright Democratic 1855 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Tennessee 8 James M. Quarles Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Tennessee 9 Emerson Etheridge Opposition 1853
1857 (Lost)
1859
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Tennessee 10 William T. Avery Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.

Texas

Texas seceded on February 1, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Texas 1 John H. Reagan Democratic 1859 Incumbent resigned January 15, 1861.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Texas 2 Andrew J. Hamilton Independent
Democratic
1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Independent Democratic loss.
None.

Utah Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

Vermont its members September 4, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Vermont 1 Eliakim P. Walton Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Eliakim P. Walton (Republican) 73.60%
  • Silas Wilcox (Democratic) 24.29%
  • U. M. Robinson (Breckinridge Democratic) 2.11%
Vermont 2 Justin S. Morrill Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3 Homer E. Royce Republican 1856 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Portus Baxter (Republican) 72.48%
  • Arzo D. Chaffee (Democratic) 22.53%
  • Wyllys Lyman (Breckinridge Democratic) 4.99%

Virginia

Virginia its members October 24, 1861.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1 Muscoe Garnett Democratic 1856 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected October 24, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Winner was later disqualified.
Virginia 2 John S. Millson Democratic 1853 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 3 Daniel Coleman DeJarnette Sr. Independent
Democratic
1853 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Independent Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 4 Roger Pryor Democratic 1859 (special) Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 5 Thomas S. Bocock Democratic 1853 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 6 Shelton F. Leake Independent
Democratic
1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Independent Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 7 William Smith Democratic 1841 <span style="font-size:85%;">(special)</span>
1843 (lost)
1857
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Winner was later disqualified.
Virginia 8 Alexander Boteler Opposition 1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Opposition loss.
None.
Virginia 9 John T. Harris Independent
Democratic
1859 Incumbent retired.
No member elected.
Independent Democratic loss.
None.
Virginia 10 Sherrard Clemens Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Virginia 11 Albert G. Jenkins Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Virginia 12 Henry A. Edmundson Democratic 1849 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Virginia 13 Elbert S. Martin Independent
Democratic
1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
No member elected.
Independent Democratic loss.
None.

Washington Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin its members on Election Day, November 6, 1860.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Wisconsin 1 John F. Potter Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 2 Cadwallader C. Washburn Republican 1854 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 3 Charles H. Larrabee Democratic 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.

Non-voting delegates

All are trans-Mississippi west non-voting delegates in the 37th Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Colorado Territory at-large New territory New seat.
New delegate elected.
Conservative Republican gain.
Dakota Territory at-large New territory New seat.
New delegate elected.
Democratic gain.
Nebraska Territory at-large Samuel Gordon Daily Republican 1860 (Won contest) Incumbent re-elected in 1862.
Nevada Territory New territory New seat.
New delegate elected.
Independent gain.
New Mexico Territory at-large Miguel A. Otero Democratic 1859 Incumbent retired.
New delegate elected.
Republican gain.
Utah Territory William Henry Hooper Democratic 1858 or 1859 Incumbent lost re-election.
New delegate elected.
Independent gain.
Washington Territory at-large Isaac Stevens Democratic 1856 or 1857 Incumbent retired.
New delegate elected.
Republican gain.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Includes nine elected on the Union ballot, nine as Unionists, two as Constitutional Unionists, and one on the Union and Peace ballot. Ten additional Unionists remained in office representing States that had seceded.
  2. ^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as Union, Unionists, Constitutional Unionists, Union Democrats, and 'Union and Peace.'
  3. ^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as Southern Rights and States Rights.
  4. ^ Included eight Anti-Lecompton Democrats and seven independent Democrats.
  5. ^ a b c d Includes one independent Democrat, James E. Kerrigan, elected from New York's 4th congressional district.
  6. ^ Includes votes for those who ran labeled as an Anti-Lecompton Democrat, Breckinridge Democrat, Independent Democrat, or Independent.
  7. ^ 1 Independent Democrat was elected.
  8. ^ Includes Unionists, Constitutional Unionists, and the two "Union" members from Rhode Island.
  9. ^ Kansas was not admitted until January 29, 1861, near the end of the 36th Congress, the winner of this election served in both the 36th and 37th Congresses.
  10. ^ a b Know-Nothings
  11. ^ In 1845, Congress set a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (5 Stat. 721). Other elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
  12. ^ a b c d e Previously Opposition members.
  13. ^ East Tennessee only
  14. ^ 7 vacancies
  15. ^ 1 seat added
  16. ^ 1 Opposition and 1 Know-Nothing
  17. ^ Remained in the House.
  18. ^ 8 vacancies
  19. ^ Remained in the House.
  20. ^ Excludes states that seceded before the start of Congress
  21. ^ Compared to 19 Opposition and 5 Know-Nothings in previous election of 1858.
  22. ^ Frederick Low, the candidate with the third-highest vote in the at-large election for California's Congressional delegation, was seated when Congress approved California's third seat in the House of Representatives, from June 3, 1862.

References

  1. ^ Martis (1994), pp. 114–115.
  2. ^ 12 Stat. 411
  3. ^ "Tennessee 4 Me - A Divided State". www.tn4me.org.
  4. ^ "MO District 1 - Special Election". November 22, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  5. ^ "PA District 08 - Special Election". April 10, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  6. ^ "ME District 5 - Special Election". January 11, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  7. ^ "NY District 31 - Special Election". April 7, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  8. ^ "OH - District 07 Special Election". April 16, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  9. ^ "OH - District 13 Special Election". April 16, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  10. ^ "MA - District 3 Special Election". March 17, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  11. ^ "PA - District DDDD Special Election". May 3, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  12. ^ "PA - District 12 Special Election". January 17, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  13. ^ "IA - District 01 Special Election". March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2008 – via Our Campaigns.
  14. ^ "VA - District 11 Special Election". March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  15. ^ "MA - District 5 Special Election". March 10, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  16. ^ "IL District 06-Special". March 12, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  17. ^ Martis, pp. 111, 113, 115.
  18. ^ Martis, pp. 31–35.
  19. ^ Simon, Harold (2008). Lincoln: President Elect. Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860-1861. Simon & Schuster. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7432-8947-4.
  20. ^ Martis, p. 36.
  21. ^ Martis, p. 34.
  22. ^ Martis, pp. 114, 115.
  23. ^ Freehling, William W. (2007). The Road to Disunion. Vol. II: Secessionists Triumphant: 1854-1861. Oxford University Press. p. 2 (map). ISBN 978-0-19-505815-4.
  24. ^ Long, E.B. (1985). "Appendix". The Civil War Day By Day: An Almanac, 1861-1865. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80255-3.
  25. ^ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, (1774–2005), "Official Annotated Membership Roster by State with Vacancy and Special Election Information for the 37th Congress".
  26. ^ "CT - District 01 - History". May 24, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  27. ^ "CT - District 02 - History". May 24, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  28. ^ "CT - District 03 - History". May 24, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  29. ^ "CT - District 04 - History". May 24, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  30. ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  31. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 3 Race - Jun 13, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  32. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 4 Race - Jun 13, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  33. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 6 Race - Jun 13, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  34. ^ "CRAIG, James, (1818 - 1888)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  35. ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  36. ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  37. ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  38. ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 128, 129.
  39. ^ "Our Campaigns - OR - District 01 Race - Jun 04, 1860". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  40. ^ "Our Campaigns - OR - District 01 Race - Nov 06, 1860". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  41. ^ "RI - Eastern District". January 8, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  42. ^ "RI - Western District". January 8, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  43. ^ "TN - District 01". February 17, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  44. ^ "TN - District 02". February 17, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  45. ^ "TN - District 03". February 17, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  46. ^ "TN - District 04". February 17, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  47. ^ "VA - District 01". March 19, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  48. ^ "VA - District 07". January 3, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  49. ^ "VA - District 10". March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  50. ^ "VA - District 11". March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  51. ^ "VA - District 12". March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2018 – via Our Campaigns.
  52. ^ "Our Campaigns - NV Delegate Race - Aug 04, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  53. ^ "Our Campaigns - NM Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 01, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  54. ^ "Our Campaigns - WA Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 06, 1860". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

External links

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