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1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1828 & 1829 July 5, 1830 – October 3, 1831[a] 1832 & 1833 →

All 213 seats in the United States House of Representatives
107 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Andrew Stevenson John W. Taylor
Party Jacksonian National Republican
Leader's seat Virginia 9th New York 17th
Last election 136 seats 72 seats
Seats won 126 66
Seat change Decrease 10 Decrease 6

  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Anti-Masonic Nullifier
Last election 5 seats 0 seats
Seats won 17 4
Seat change Increase 12 Increase 4


Speaker before election

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

Elected Speaker

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

The 1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 5, 1830, and October 3, 1831. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 22nd United States Congress convened on December 5, 1831. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.

The supporters of President Andrew Jackson lost ten seats during his first term, but managed to maintain control of the chamber amidst the growth of two new opposition movements.

The brash style of Congress during the administration of Jackson caused a number of Americans to become dissatisfied with the government and both of the major parties. Anger over the Tariff of 1828 also provided a major issue, particularly in the agricultural South. The Jacksonians remained firmly in control of the House, but lost several seats, as did the minority National Republicans. The Anti-Masonic Party, an aspiring third party which was based on a single issue (distrust of Freemasonry), was actually able to gain a dozen seats, and four South Carolina Congressman who called themselves Nullifiers (based on the principle of states' rights) were also elected. Thus, this was the first election in the House where both major parties lost seats at the same time; this would not occur again until the 1854 elections.

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Transcription

CCUS18 Election 1860 Hi I’m John Green; this is Crash Course US History and today we discuss one of the most confusing questions in American history: What caused the Civil War? Just kidding it’s not a confusing question at all: Slavery caused the Civil War. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but what about, like, states rights and nationalism, economics-- Me from the Past, your senior year of high school you will be taught American Government by Mr. Fleming, a white Southerner who will seem to you to be about 182 years old, and you will say something to him in class about states rights. And Mr. Fleming will turn to you and he will say, “A state’s rights to what, sir?” And for the first time in your snotty little life, you will be well and truly speechless. intro The road to the Civil War leads to discussions of states rights...to slavery, and differing economic systems...specifically whether those economic systems should involve slavery, and the election of Abraham Lincoln, specifically how his election impacted slavery, but none of those things would have been issues without slavery. So let’s pick up with the most controversial section of the Compromise of 1850, the fugitive slave law. Now, longtime Crash Course viewers will remember that there was already a Fugitive Slave Law written into the United States Constitution, so what made this one so controversial? Under this new law, any citizen was required to turn in anyone he or she knew to be a slave to authorities. And that made, like, every person in New England into a sheriff, and it also required them to enforce a law they found abhorrent. So, they had to be sheriffs and they didn’t even get little gold badges. Thought Bubble, can I have a gold badge? Oh. Awesome. Thank you. This law was also terrifying to people of color in the North, because even if you’d been, say, born free in Massachusetts, the courts could send you into slavery if even one person swore before a judge that you were a specific slave. And many people of color responded to the fugitive slave law by moving to Canada, which at the time was still technically an English colony, thereby further problematizing the whole idea that England was all about tyranny and the United States was all about freedom. But anyway the most important result of the fugitive slave law was that it convinced some Northerners that the government was in the hands of a sinister “slave power.” Sadly, slave power was not a heavy metal band or Britney Spears’s new single or even a secret cabal of powerful slaves, but rather a conspiracy theory about a secret cabal of pro-slavery congressmen. That conspiracy theory is going to grow in importance, but before we get to that let us discuss Railroads. Underrated in Monopoly and underrated in the Civil War. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. Railroads made shipping cheaper and more efficient and allowed people to move around the country quickly, and they had a huge backer (also a tiny backer) in the form of Illinois congressman Stephen Douglas, who wanted a transcontinental railroad because 1. he felt it would bind the union together at a time when it could use some binding, and 2. he figured it would go through Illinois, which would be good for his home state. But there was a problem: To build a railroad, the territory through which it ran needed to be organized, ideally as states, and if the railroad was going to run through Illinois, then the Kansas and Nebraska territories would need to become state-like, so Douglas pushed forward the Kansas Nebraska Act in 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act formalized the idea of popular sovereignty, which basically meant that (white) residents of states could decide for themselves whether the state should allow slavery. Douglas felt this was a nice way of avoiding saying whether he favored slavery; instead, he could just be in favor of letting other people be in favor of it. Now you’ll remember that the previously bartered Missouri Compromise banned slavery in new states north of this here line. And since in theory Kansas or Nebraska could have slavery if people there decided they wanted it under the Kansas-Nebraska Act despite being north of that there line, this in practice repealed the Missouri Compromise. As a result, there was quite a lot of violence in Kansas, so much so that some people say the Civil War really started there in 1857. Also, the Kansas Nebraska Act led to the creation of a new political party: The Republicans. Yes, those Republicans. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, Douglas’s law helped to create a new coalition party dedicated to stopping the extension of slavery. It was made of former Free-Soilers, Northern anti-slavery Whigs and some Know- Nothings. It was also a completely sectional party, meaning that it drew supporters almost exclusively from the free states in the North and West, which, you’ll remember from like, two minutes ago, were tied together by common economic interests and the railroad. I’m telling you, don’t underestimate railroads. By the way, we are getting to you, Dred Scott. And now we return at last to “slave power.” For many northerners, the Kansas Nebraska Act which repealed the Missouri Compromise was yet more evidence that Congress was controlled by a sinister “slave power” group doing the bidding of rich plantation owners, which, as conspiracy theories go, wasn’t the most far-fetched. In fact, by 1854, the North was far more populous than the South--it had almost double the South’s congressional representation--but in spite of this advantage, Congress had just passed a law extending the power of slave states, and potentially--because two new states meant four new senators--making the federal government even more pro-slavery. And to abolitionists, that didn’t really seem like democracy. The other reason that many northerners cared enough about Kansas and Nebraska to abandon their old party loyalties was that having them become slave states was seen as a threat to northerner’s economic self-interest. Remember the west was seen as a place where individuals--specifically white individuals--could become self-sufficient farmers. As Lincoln wrote: “The whole nation is interested that the best use be made of these territories. We want them for the homes of free white people. They cannot be, to any considerable extent, if slavery is planted within them. New Free States are places for poor people to go to and better their condition.” So, the real question was: Would these western territories have big slave-based plantations like happened in Mississippi? Or small family farms full of frolicking free white people, like happened in Thomas Jefferson’s imagination? So the new Republican party ran its first presidential candidate in 1856 and did remarkably well. John C. Fremont from California picked up 39% of the vote, all of it from the North and West, and lost to the Democrat James Buchanan, who had the virtue of having spent much of the previous decade in Europe and thus not having a position on slavery. I mean, let me take this opportunity to remind you that James Buchanan’s nickname was The Old Public Functionary. Meanwhile, Kansas was trying to become a state by holding elections in 1854 and 1855. I say trying because these elections were so fraudulent that they would be funny except that everything stops being funny like 12 years before the Civil War and doesn’t get really funny again until Charlie Chaplin. Ah, Charlie Chaplin, thank you for being in the public domain and giving us a much-needed break from a nation divided against itself, discovering that it cannot stand. Right so part of the Kansas problem was that hundreds of so called border ruffians flocked to Kansas from pro-slavery Missouri to cast ballots in Kansas elections, which led to people coming in from free states and setting up their own rival governments. Fighting eventually broke out and more than 200 people were killed. In fact, in 1856, pro-slavery forces laid siege to anti-slavery Lawrence, Kansas with cannons. One particularly violent incident involved the murder of an entire family by an anti-slavery zealot from New York named John Brown. He got away with that murder but hold on a minute, we’ll get to him. Anyway, in the end Kansas passed two constitutions because, you know, that’s a good way to get started as a government. The pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution was the first that went to the U.S. Congress and it was supported by Stephen Douglas as an example of popular sovereignty at work, except that the man who oversaw the voting in Kansas called it a “vile fraud.” Congress delayed Kansas’ entry into the Union (because Congress’s primary business is delay) until another, more fair referendum took place. And after that vote, Kansas eventually did join the U.S. as a free state in 1861, by which time it was frankly too late. Alright so while all this craziness was going on in Kansas and Congress, the Supreme Court was busy rendering the worst decision in its history. Oh, hi there, Dred Scott. Dred Scott had been a slave whose master had taken him to live in Illinois and Wisconsin, both of which barred slavery. So, Scott sued, arguing that if slavery was illegal in Illinois, then living in Illinois made him definitionally not a slave. The case took years to find its way to the Supreme Court and eventually, in 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, from Maryland, handed down his decision. The Court held that Scott was still a slave, but went even further, attempting to settle the slavery issue once and for all. Taney ruled that black people “had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.” So...that is an actual quote from an actual decision by the Supreme Court of the United States of America. Wow. I mean, Taney’s ruling basically said that all black people anywhere in the United States could be considered property, and that the court was in the business of protecting that property. This meant a slave owner could take his slaves from Mississippi to Massachusetts and they would still be slaves. Which meant that technically, there was no such thing as a free state. At least that’s how people in the north, especially Republicans saw it. The Dred Scott decision helped convince even more people that the entire government, Congress, President Buchanan, and now the Supreme Court, were in the hands of the dreaded “Slave Power.” Oh, we’re going to do the Mystery Document now? Stan, I am so confident about today’s Mystery Document that I am going to write down my guess right now and I’m going to put it in this envelope and then when I’m right I want a prize. All I ever get is punishment, I want prizes. Okay. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document. I already did that. And then I get rewarded for being right. Alright total confidence. Let’s just read this thing. And then I get my reward. “I look forward to the days when there shall be a servile insurrection in the South, when the black man … shall assert his freedom and wage a war of extermination against his master; when the torch of the incendiary shall light up the towns and cities of the South, and blot out the last vestige of slavery. And though I may not mock at their calamity, nor laugh when their fear cometh, yet I will hail it as the dawn of a political millennium.” [1] I was right! Right here. Guessed in advance. John Brown. What? STAN! Ohio Congressman Joshua Giddings? Seriously, Stan? AH! Whatever. I’m gonna talk about John Brown anyway. In 1859, John Brown led a disastrous raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, hoping to capture guns and then give them to slaves who would rise up and use those guns against their masters. But, Brown was an awful military commander, and not a terribly clear thinker in general, and the raid was an abject failure. Many of the party were killed and he was captured. He stood trial and was sentenced to death. Thus he became a martyr to the abolitionist cause, which is probably what he wanted anyway. On the morning of his hanging, he wrote, “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.” Well, he was right about that, but in general, any statement that begins “I-comma-my-name” meh. And, so the stage was set for one of the most important Presidential elections in American history. Dun dun dun dun dun dahhhhh. In 1860, the Republican Party chose as its candidate Abraham Lincoln, whose hair and upper forehead you can see here. He’d proved his eloquence, if not his electability, in a series of debates with Stephen Douglas when the two were running for the Senate in 1858. Lincoln lost that election, but the debates made him famous, and he could appeal to immigrant voters, because he wasn’t associated with the Know Nothings. The Democrats, on the other hand, were--to use a historian term--a hot mess. The Northern wing of the party favored Stephen Douglas, but he was unacceptable to voters in the deep South. So Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, making the Democrats, the last remaining truly national party, no longer truly a national party. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party, dedicated to preserving the Constitution “as it is” i.e. including slavery, nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Abraham Lincoln received 0 votes in nine American states, but he won 40% of the overall popular vote, including majorities in many of the most populous states, thereby winning the electoral college. So, anytime a guy becomes President who literally did not appear on your ballot, there is likely to be a problem. And indeed, Lincoln’s election led to a number of Southern states seceding from the Union. Lincoln himself hated slavery, but he repeatedly said that he would leave it alone in the states where it existed. But the demographics of Lincoln’s election showed Southerners and Northerners alike that slave power--to whatever extent it had existed--was over. By the time he took office on March 1, 1861, seven states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. And the stage was set for the fighting to begin, which it did, when Southern troops fired upon the Union garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor on April 12, 1861. So, that’s when the Civil War started, but it became inevitable earlier--maybe in 1857, or maybe in 1850, or maybe in 1776. Or maybe in 1619, when the first African slaves arrived in Virginia. Cuz here’s the thing: In the Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Taney said that black Americans had quote “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” But this was demonstrably false. Black men had voted in elections and held property, including even slaves. They’d appeared in court on their own behalf. They had rights. They’d expressed those rights when given the opportunity. And the failure of the United States to understand that the rights of black Americans were as inalienable as those of white Americans is ultimately what made the Civil War inevitable. So next week, it’s off to war we go. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. And our graphics team is Thought Café. Usually every week there’s a libertage with a caption, but there wasn’t one this week because of stupid Chief Justice Roger Taney. However, please suggest captions in comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course US History and as we say in my hometown of nerdfighteria, don’t forget to be awesome. election 1860 - ________________ [1] Quoted in Goldfield p. 119

Election summaries

Not including special elections.

66 17 4 126
National Republican AM N Jacksonian
State Type Date Total
seats
National Republican Anti-Masonic Jacksonian Nullifier
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Louisiana Districts July 5–7, 1830 3 2 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Mississippi At-large August 2–3, 1830 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Vermont Districts September 6, 1830[b] 5 3 Decrease1 2 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maine Districts September 13, 1830 7 1 Decrease2 0 Steady 6 Increase2 0 Steady
Georgia At-large October 4, 1830 7 0 Steady 0 Steady 7 Steady 0 Steady
Ohio Districts October 12, 1830 14 8 Increase2 0 Steady 6 Decrease2 0 Steady
Pennsylvania Districts 26 2 Increase1 7 Increase6 17 Decrease7 0 Steady
South Carolina Districts October 11–12, 1830 9 0 Steady 0 Steady 5 Decrease4 4 Increase4
Massachusetts Districts November 1, 1830 13 13 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
New York Districts November 1–3, 1830 34 3 Decrease8 8 Increase5 23 Increase3 0 Steady
New Jersey At-large November 6, 1830 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Delaware At-large November 13, 1830 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1831 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire At-large March 8, 1831 6 0 Steady 0 Steady 6 Steady 0 Steady
Connecticut At-large April 14, 1831 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Virginia Districts April 1831 22 5 Decrease1 0 Steady 17 Increase1 0 Steady
Alabama Districts August 1, 1831 3 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois At-large 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Kentucky Districts 12 4 Increase2 0 Steady 8 Decrease2 0 Steady
Missouri At-large August 2, 1831 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Indiana Districts August 5, 1831 3 0 Decrease2 0 Steady 3 Increase2 0 Steady
Tennessee Districts August 4–5, 1831 9 1 Steady 0 Steady 8 Steady 0 Steady
North Carolina Districts August 11, 1831 13 2 Decrease1 0 Steady 11 Increase1 0 Steady
Rhode Island At-large August 23, 1831 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland Districts October 3, 1831 9 5 Increase2 0 Steady 4 Decrease2 0 Steady
Total 213 66
31.0%
Decrease6 17
8.0%
Increase12 126
59.2%
Decrease10 4
1.9%
Increase4
House seats
Jacksonian
59.15%
Nat. Republican
30.99%
Anti-Masonic
7.98%
Nullifier
1.88%

Special elections

21st Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 5 James W. Ripley Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent resigned March 12, 1830.
New member elected September 13, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Ohio 11 John M. Goodenow Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent resigned April 9, 1830, after being appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
New member elected October 11, 1830.
Winner was elected the next day to the next term, see below.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Virginia 22 Alexander Smyth Jacksonian 1817
1828 (retired)
1827
Incumbent died April 17, 1830.
New member elected November 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Winner was later elected to the next term, see below.
New York 6 Hector Craig Jacksonian 1822
1824 (lost)
1828
Incumbent resigned July 12, 1830.
New member elected November 3, 1830.
National Republican gain.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Virginia 11 Philip P. Barbour Jacksonian 1815
1824 (retired)
1827
Incumbent resigned October 15, 1830, after being appointed judge of US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia.
New member elected November 25, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.

22nd Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 2 Vacant Vacancy in term.
New member elected in 1831
Jacksonian gain.
Successor seated May 12, 1831.
Missouri at-large Spencer D. Pettis National
Republican
1824 Incumbent died August 28, 1831.
New member elected October 31, 1831.
National Republican hold.
Successor seated October 31, 1831.
Vermont 2 Rollin C. Mallary National
Republican
1820 (Contested) Incumbent died April 15, 1831.
New member elected November 1, 1831 on the third ballot.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Successor seated December 5, 1831.
First ballot (July 5, 1831):

Second ballot (September 6, 1831):

Third ballot (November 1, 1831):
  • Green tickY William Slade (Anti-Masonic) 57.53%
  • Robert Temple (National Republican) 28.13%
  • William White (Jacksonian) 14.34%[9]
Pennsylvania 11 William Ramsey Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent died September 29, 1831, before the new Congress convened.
New member elected November 22, 1831.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 5, 1831.[10]
Georgia at-large Wilson Lumpkin Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1826
Incumbent resgined in 1831 before the convening of Congress.
New member elected December 12, 1831.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated January 21, 1832.
New York 20 George Fisher National
Republican
1828 Incumbent lost contested election February 5, 1830 to Silas Wright, who in turn failed to qualify.
New member elected November 3, 1830.
Jacksonian gain.
Winner was not a candidate the same day to the next term, see below.
Successor seated December 6, 1830.
North Carolina 6 Robert Potter Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent resigned in November 1831.
New member elected December 15, 1831.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated January 6, 1832.

Alabama

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Alabama 1
"Northern District"
Clement C. Clay Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Alabama 2
"Middle District"
Robert E. B. Baylor Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost-re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Alabama 3
"Southern District"
Dixon Hall Lewis Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

Connecticut

Connecticut elected its six at-large members on a general ticket on April 14, 1831, after the term began but before the Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
Ralph I. Ingersoll National
Republican
1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Noyes Barber National
Republican
1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Ebenezer Young National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Jabez W. Huntington National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.
William L. Storrs National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.
William W. Ellsworth National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.

Delaware

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Delaware at-large Kensey Johns National
Republican
1827 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.

Georgia

Georgia elected its 7 at-large members on October 4, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia at-large
7 seats on a general ticket
Richard Henry Wilde Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1824 (special)
1826 (lost)
1827 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
Wilson Lumpkin Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1826
Incumbent re-elected.
Charles E. Haynes Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Henry G. Lamar Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas F. Foster Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James M. Wayne Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Wiley Thompson Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.

Illinois

Illinois elected its sole member late on August 1, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois at-large Joseph Duncan Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.

Indiana

Indiana elected its three members late on August 5, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1 Ratliff Boon Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 2 Jonathan Jennings National
Republican
1822 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Indiana 3 John Test National
Republican
1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

Kentucky

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10
Kentucky 11
Kentucky 12

Louisiana

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3

Maine

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7

Maryland

Maryland elected its nine members on October 3, 1831. In the fifth district, two members were elected on a general ticket. There was a net gain of 2 National Republicans thereby increasing their ratio from 3-to-6 to 5-to-4.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1 Clement Dorsey National
Republican
1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Maryland 2 Benedict Joseph Semmes National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 3 George Corbin Washington National
Republican
1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 4 Michael Sprigg Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Maryland 5
2 seats on a general ticket
Benjamin C. Howard Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Elias Brown Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Maryland 6 George E. Mitchell Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 7 Richard Spencer Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
Maryland 8 Ephraim King Wilson Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.

Massachusetts

Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams was elected in Massachusetts's 11th district, becoming the first former president to re-enter public life after leaving the presidency.

Elections were held November 1, 1830, but at least one district went to so many ballots it failed to achieve a majority election until 1832, just before the next cycle began.

(District numbers differ between sources. District numbers below reflect Martis's references.[24] Where noted, Congressional Quarterly's "Guide to U.S. Elections"[25] and OurCampaigns.com have different district numbers.)

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Benjamin Gorham National
Republican
1820 (special)
1822 (retired)
1827 (special)
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 2 Benjamin W. Crowninshield National
Republican
1822 Incumbent lost re-election from a different party.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 3 John Varnum National
Republican
1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected late on the thirteenth ballot.
National Republican hold.
First ballot (November 1, 1830):

Second ballot (January 3, 1831):

Third ballot (April 4, 1831):

Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831):

Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831):

Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831):

Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832):

Eighth ballot (February 13, 1832):

Ninth ballot (March 12, 1832):

Tenth ballot (April 9, 1832):
  • Joseph Kitteridge (Unknown) 47.18%
  • Caleb Cushing (National Republican) 41.19%
  • Scattering 11.63%[37]

Eleventh ballot (May 14, 1832):

Twelfth ballot (September 3, 1832):

Thirteenth ballot (November 12, 1832):
Massachusetts 4 Edward Everett National
Republican
1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5
CQGuide: 13th[25]
OurCampaigns: 8th[42]
John Davis National
Republican
1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Davis (National Republican) 72.7%
  • Dana Thurber (Unknown) 21.54%
  • Scattering 5.77%[42]
Massachusetts 6
CQGuide: 5th[25]
OurCampaigns: 9th[43]
Joseph G. Kendall National
Republican
1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 7
CQGuide: 6th[25]
OurCampaigns: 6th[44]
George Grennell Jr. National
Republican
1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8
OurCampaigns: 5th[45]
Isaac C. Bates National
Republican
1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 9
CQGuide: 7th[25]
OurCampaigns: 7th[46]
Henry W. Dwight National
Republican
1820 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 10
CQGuide: 9th[25]
John Bailey National
Republican
1823 (special)
1824 (disqualified)
1824 (special)
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 11
CQGuide: 12th[25]
OurCampaigns: 11th[48]
Joseph Richardson National
Republican
1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 12
CQGuide: 10th[25]
James L. Hodges National
Republican
1827 Incumbent re-elected late on the seventh ballot First ballot (November 1, 1830):
Second ballot (January 3, 1831):
  • Micah B. Ruggles (Anti-Masonic) 48.08%
  • James L. Hodges (National Republican) 44.01%
  • John A. Parker (Unknown) 7.91%[50]
Third ballot (April 4, 1831):
Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831):
Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831):
Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831):
Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832):
Massachusetts 13
CQGuide: 11th[25]
John Reed Jr. National
Republican
1812
1816 (lost)
1820
Incumbent re-elected.

Mississippi

Elections held early, from August 2 to 3, 1830

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi at-large Thomas Hinds Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.

Missouri

Missouri elected its sole member late on August 2, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri at-large Spencer D. Pettis Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its six members at-large late on March 8, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
John Brodhead Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas Chandler Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Joseph Hammons Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Jonathan Harvey Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Henry Hubbard Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
John W. Weeks Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

New Jersey elected its six members at-large on November 6, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Jersey at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
Isaac Pierson National
Republican
1826 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Richard M. Cooper National
Republican
1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James F. Randolph National
Republican
1828 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas H. Hughes National
Republican
1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Samuel Swan National
Republican
1820 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
Lewis Condict National
Republican
1821 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

New York

New York elected its 34 members from November 1 to 3, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 James Lent Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 2 Jacob Crocheron Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 3
3 seats on a general ticket
Churchill C. Cambreleng Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Campbell P. White Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Gulian C. Verplanck Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 4 Henry B. Cowles National
Republican
1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY Aaron Ward (Jacksonian) 53.6%
  • John Hunter (National Republican) 31.6%
  • Jonathan Ferris (Anti-Masonic) 14.8%[64]
New York 5 Abraham Bockee Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
New York 6 Vacant Rep. Hector Craig (J) resigned July 12, 1830.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
New York 7 Charles G. DeWitt Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 8 James Strong National
Republican
1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY John King (Jacksonian) 56.8%
  • Robert L. Livingston (National Republican) 43.2%[68]
New York 9 John D. Dickinson National
Republican
1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 10 Ambrose Spencer National
Republican
1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 11 Perkins King Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 12 Peter I. Borst Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 13 William G. Angel Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 14 Henry R. Storrs National
Republican
1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 15 Michael Hoffman Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 16 Benedict Arnold National
Republican
1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 17 John W. Taylor National
Republican
1812 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 18 Henry C. Martindale National
Republican
1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 19 Isaac Finch National
Republican
1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 20
2 seats on a general ticket
Joseph Hawkins National
Republican
1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Vacant Rep. George Fisher (NR) resigned February 5, 1830 following election contest.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 21 Vacant Rep. Robert Monell (J) resigned February 21, 1831 to become judge of the Sixth State Circuit Court.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 22 Thomas Beekman National
Republican
1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 23 Jonas Earll Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 24 Gershom Powers Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 25 Thomas Maxwell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 26
2 seats on a general ticket
Jehiel H. Halsey Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Robert S. Rose Anti-Masonic 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic hold.
New York 27 Timothy Childs Anti-Masonic 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic hold.
New York 28 John Magee Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 29 Phineas L. Tracy Anti-Masonic 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
New York 30 Ebenezer F. Norton Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.

North Carolina

North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1831, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8
North Carolina 9
North Carolina 10
North Carolina 11 Henry W. Connor Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.

Ohio

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 1
Ohio 2
Ohio 3
Ohio 4
Ohio 5
Ohio 6
Ohio 7
Ohio 8
Ohio 9
Ohio 10
Ohio 11
Ohio 12
Ohio 13
Ohio 14

Pennsylvania

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[92][d]
Pennsylvania 1 Joel B. Sutherland Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 2 Joseph Hemphill Jacksonian 1800
1802 (lost)
1818
1826 (resigned)
1828
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Henry Horn (Jacksonian) 55.6%
  • Daniel W. Coxe (National Republican) 44.4%
Pennsylvania 3 Daniel H. Miller Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost-re-election.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
Pennsylvania 4
3 seats on a general ticket
James Buchanan Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Joshua Evans Jr. Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
George G. Leiper Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 5 John B. Sterigere Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 6 Innis Green Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY John C. Bucher (Jacksonian) 54.4%
  • Valentine Hummel (National Republican) 45.6%
Pennsylvania 7
2 seats on a general ticket
Joseph Fry Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Henry A. P. Muhlenberg Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 8
2 seats on a general ticket
Peter Ihrie Jr. Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Samuel A. Smith Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 9
3 seats on a general ticket
Philander Stephens Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James Ford Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Alem Marr Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 10 Adam King Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Adam King (Jacksonian) 58.6%
  • William McIlvine (National Republican) 41.4%
Pennsylvania 11
2 seats on a general ticket
Thomas H. Crawford Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
William Ramsey Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.[93]
Pennsylvania 12 John Scott Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 13 Chauncey Forward Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
  • Green tickY George Burd (National Republican) 50.2%
  • David Mann (Anti-Masonic) 48.5%
  • Reynolds[f] (Unknown) 1.3%
Pennsylvania 14 Thomas Irwin Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 15 William McCreery Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 16
2 seats on a general ticket
Harmar Denny Anti-Masonic 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
John Gilmore Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 17 Richard Coulter Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 18 Thomas H. Sill National
Republican
1826 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
  • Green tickY John Banks (Anti-Masonic) 57.1%
  • Thomas S. Cunningham (Jacksonian) 42.9%

Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its two members at-large late on August 23, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island at-large
2 seats on a general ticket
Tristam Burges National
Republican
1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Dutee J. Pearce National
Republican
1825 Incumbent re-elected.

South Carolina

South Carolina elected its nine members from October 11 to 12, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1 William Drayton Jacksonian 1825 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 2 Robert W. Barnwell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 3 John Campbell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election as a Nullifier.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 4 William D. Martin Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 5 George McDuffie Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 6 Warren R. Davis Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 7 William T. Nuckolls Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 8 James Blair Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 9 Starling Tucker Jacksonian 1816 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Nullifier gain.

Tennessee

Election held late, on August 4, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 John Blair Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Pryor Lea Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
Tennessee 3 James I. Standifer Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4 Jacob C. Isacks Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5 Robert Desha Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Tennessee 6 James K. Polk Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 John Bell Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 Cave Johnson Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 9 Davy Crockett National
Republican
1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

Vermont

Vermont elected its five members on September 6, 1830. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district election was settled on the second ballot on December 7, 1830, and the 4th district election was settled on the eleventh ballot on June 4, 1832.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Vermont 1 Jonathan Hunt National
Republican
1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2 Rollin C. Mallary National
Republican
1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3 Horace Everett National
Republican
1828 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (September 6, 1830)
  • Horace Everett (National Republican) 49.0%
  • Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 34.7%
  • Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 13.5%
  • Scattering 2.8%[115]

Second ballot (December 7, 1830)
  • Green tickY Horace Everett (National Republican) 52.3%
  • Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 35.7%
  • Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 11.9%[116]
Vermont 4 Benjamin Swift National
Republican
1827 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Republican hold.
First ballot (September 6, 1830)

Second ballot (December 7, 1830)

Third ballot (February 7, 1831)

Fourth ballot (April 4, 1831)

Fifth ballot (June 6, 1831)

Sixth ballot (August 1, 1831)

Seventh ballot (October 1, 1831)

Eighth ballot (December 5, 1831)

Ninth ballot (February 6, 1832)

Tenth ballot (April 2, 1832)

Eleventh ballot (June 4, 1832)
Vermont 5 William Cahoon Anti-Masonic 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

Virginia

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1 George Loyall Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.
Virginia 2 James Trezvant Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Virginia 3 William S. Archer Jacksonian 1820 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 Mark Alexander Jacksonian 1819 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 5 Thomas Bouldin Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 6 Thomas Davenport Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 7 Nathaniel Claiborne Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 8 Richard Coke Jr. Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 9 Andrew Stevenson Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 10 William F. Gordon Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 11 John M. Patton Jacksonian 1830 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 12 John Roane Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY John J. Roane (Jacksonian) 43.7%
  • John H. Bernard (Independent) 31.7%
  • Edwin Upshaw (Jacksonian) 14.1%
  • Jonathan M. Garnett (Independent) 10.5%[140]
Virginia 13 John Taliaferro National
Republican
1824 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Virginia 14 Charles F. Mercer National
Republican
1817 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 15 John S. Barbour Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 16 William Armstrong National
Republican
1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 17 Robert Allen Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 18 Philip Doddridge National
Republican
1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 19 William McCoy Jacksonian 1811 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 20 Robert Craig Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 21 Lewis Maxwell National
Republican
1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Lewis Maxwell (National Republican) 50.9%
  • Daniel Smith (National Republican) 44.1%
  • Johnson Reynolds (Independent) 5.0%[149]
Virginia 22 Joseph Draper Jacksonian 1830 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.

Non-voting delegates

Arkansas Territory

Arkansas elected its delegate late on September 4, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas Territory at-large Ambrose H. Sevier Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

Florida Territory

Florida elected its delegate on September 1, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida Territory at-large Joseph M. White Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.

Michigan Territory

Arkansas elected its delegate late on August 8, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan Territory at-large Vacant Del. John Biddle (J) resigned February 21, 1831.
New member elected.
National Republican gain.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Not including special elections and some regular elections that went to multiple ballots.
  2. ^ In 4th district, the election wasn't completed until 1832.
  3. ^ Full name unknown in source
  4. ^ For plural districts, percent is based on assumption that each voter cast as many votes as there are seats.
  5. ^ Ran on joint Jacksonian/National Republican ticket.
  6. ^ Source did not give full name

References

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  2. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH District 11 - Special Election Race - Oct 11, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
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  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 01, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
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  24. ^ Martis.
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  44. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 6 (Franklin) Race - Nov 01, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 5 (Hampden) Race - Nov 01, 1830". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020. (places this race in the 5th district)
  46. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 (Berkshire) Race - Nov 01, 1830". OurCampaigns.com. (places this race in the 7th district)
  47. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 10 (Norfolk) Race - Nov 01, 1830". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  48. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 11 Race - Nov 01, 1830". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  49. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 1st Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  50. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 2nd Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  51. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 3rd Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  52. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 4th Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  53. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 5th Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  54. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 6th Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  55. ^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 7th Trial". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  56. ^ "MA District 13 (Barnstable)". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  57. ^ "MS - At Large". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  58. ^ "MO At-Large Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 26, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  59. ^ "NH At-Large Race - Mar 08, 1831". Our Campaigns. January 5, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  60. ^ "NJ At-Large Race - Nov 05, 1830". Our Campaigns. February 13, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  61. ^ "NY District 1 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  62. ^ "NY District 2 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  63. ^ "NY District 3 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  64. ^ "NY District 4 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  65. ^ "NY District 5 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  66. ^ "NY District 6 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 23, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  67. ^ "NY District 7 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  68. ^ "NY District 8 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  69. ^ "NY District 9 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  70. ^ "NY District 10 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 31, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  71. ^ "NY District 11 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  72. ^ "NY District 12 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  73. ^ "NY District 13 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  74. ^ "NY District 14 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  75. ^ "NY District 15 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  76. ^ "NY District 16 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  77. ^ "NY District 17 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  78. ^ "NY District 18 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 2, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  79. ^ "NY District 19 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. June 17, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  80. ^ "NY District 20 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  81. ^ "NY District 21 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  82. ^ "NY District 22 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  83. ^ "NY District 23 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  84. ^ "NY District 24 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  85. ^ "NY District 25 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  86. ^ "NY District 26 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  87. ^ "NY District 27 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  88. ^ "NY District 28 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  89. ^ "NY District 29 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  90. ^ "NY District 30 Race - Nov 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  91. ^ "Our Campaigns - NC District 11 Race - Aug 11, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  92. ^ "Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project" (PDF).
  93. ^ "Twenty-second Congress (membership roster) – see footnotes 28 and 29" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  94. ^ "RI At-Large Race - Aug 23, 1831". Our Campaigns. January 2, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  95. ^ "SC District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  96. ^ "SC District 02 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  97. ^ "SC District 03 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  98. ^ "SC District 04 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  99. ^ "SC District 05 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  100. ^ "SC District 06 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  101. ^ "SC District 07 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  102. ^ "SC District 08 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  103. ^ "SC District 09 Race - Oct 11, 1830". Our Campaigns. December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  104. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  105. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  106. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  107. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  108. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  109. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  110. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  111. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  112. ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  113. ^ "VT - District 01 - Sep 06, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  114. ^ "VT - District 02 - Sep 06, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 18, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  115. ^ "VT - District 03 - First Trial - Sep 06, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  116. ^ "VT - District 03 - Second Trial - Dec 07, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  117. ^ "VT - District 04 - First Trial - Sep 06, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  118. ^ "VT - District 04 - Second Trial - Dec 07, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  119. ^ "VT - District 04 - Third Trial - Feb 07, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  120. ^ "VT - District 04 - Fourth Trial - Apr 04, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  121. ^ "VT - District 04 - Fifth Trial - Jun 06, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  122. ^ "VT - District 04 - Sixth Trial - Aug 01, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  123. ^ "VT - District 04 - Seventh Trial - Oct 01, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  124. ^ "VT - District 04 - Eighth Trial - Dec 05, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  125. ^ "VT - District 04 - Ninth Trial - Feb 06, 1832". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  126. ^ "VT - District 04 - Tenth Trial - Apr 02, 1832". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  127. ^ "VT - District 04 - Eleventh Trial - Jun 04, 1832". Our Campaigns. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  128. ^ "VT - District 05 - Sep 06, 1830". Our Campaigns. September 2, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  129. ^ "VA District 01 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. September 19, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  130. ^ "VA District 02 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  131. ^ "VA District 03 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  132. ^ "VA District 04 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  133. ^ "VA District 05 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  134. ^ "VA District 06 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  135. ^ "VA District 07 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  136. ^ "VA District 08 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. January 25, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  137. ^ "VA District 09 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  138. ^ "VA District 10 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  139. ^ "VA District 11 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  140. ^ "VA District 12 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  141. ^ "VA District 13 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  142. ^ "VA District 14 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  143. ^ "VA District 15 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  144. ^ "VA District 16 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  145. ^ "VA District 17 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  146. ^ "VA District 18 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  147. ^ "VA District 19 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  148. ^ "VA District 20 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  149. ^ "VA District 21 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  150. ^ "VA District 22 Race - Aug 02, 1831". Our Campaigns. October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  151. ^ "AR Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 04, 1831". Our Campaigns. July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  152. ^ "FL Territory - Delegate Race - Sep 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  153. ^ "MI Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 08, 1831". Our Campaigns. July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

Bibliography

External links

This page was last edited on 31 December 2023, at 20:52
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