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1818–19 United States Senate elections

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1818–19 United States Senate elections

← 1816 & 1817 Dates vary by state 1820 & 1821 →

14 of the 42 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
22 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic-Republican Federalist
Last election 25 seats 13 seats
Seats before 28 12
Seats won 14 0
Seats after 30 9
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 3
Seats up 11 3

Results:
     Dem-Republican hold      Dem-Republican gain'
     Legislature Failed To Elect

Majority Party before election


Democratic-Republican

Elected Majority Party


Democratic-Republican

The 1818–19 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1818 and 1819, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Democratic-Republican Party gained two seats. The Federalists had only three seats being contested, of which they lost two and the third was left vacant due to a failure to elect.

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Transcription

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)}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6572281 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 Abraham Lincoln emerged from his self-imposed political retirement in 1854 soon after the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law. In that act I llinois' Democratic Senator }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 HYPERLINK "http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/bio/stephan.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid6572281 Stephen A. Douglas}}} \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 had attempted to organize the vast Nebraska territory for settlement and the passage of a transcontinental railroad. The region in question had been considered a vast desert and had consequently been consigned to the Indians. With settlement west of the Mississippi River, it became clear that the territory was not a desert, but was suitable for farming. Pressure, especially the desire for a transconti nental railroad connecting California and Oregon to the Union, grew to permit settlement whatever the cost to the Indians. \par The railroad became a sectional issue, with South and North competing for its terminus. Douglas sought to make Chicago the railroad's eastern hub, and needed to organize the lands west of it in order to pave the way for such a northern route. To placate southern congressmen, he made two damaging concessions. Slavery had long been prohibited in Nebraska because it lay above the line of t hirty-six degrees and thirty minutes latitude set by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas agreed to an explicit repeal of that prohibition, opening the territory to slavery. He also agreed to split the region into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. Douglas framed the bill with the idea that the people of Nebraska and Kansas should decide for themselves whether they wished to permit slavery, a doctrine he called "popular sovereignty." He hoped that local control could remove slavery from the national politic al stage, where it had become a disruptive issue. In this form, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed Congress and was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce. \par Douglas' hopes for national political peace were dashed, as the repeal of the Missouri Compromise excited widespread indignation and opposition in the North. Douglas was burned in effigy across the North and shouted down when he attempted to speak before a crowd in Chicago. The act also roused Abraham Lincoln by paving the way for the extension of sla very, a prospect he had long opposed. \par Lincoln laid out his objections to the Act and resurrected his political career in a brilliant speech at Peoria on October 16, 1854. In it he vigorously attacked the repeal of the Missouri Compromise line, noting that restricting slavery above that geographical boundary had been a southern concession to match northerners' accession to allowing Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state. Now that concession had been inexplicably withdrawn, and with it, the sixty year o ld policy of restricting the expansion of slavery. Lincoln invoked the founding fathers, specifically Thomas Jefferson, as he contended that the Sage of Monticello had originated the restriction of slavery with his Northwest Ordinance's prohibition of sla very in the Northwest Territories. \par Lincoln criticized popular sovereignty, questioning how it was that this doctrine could supersede the famed Northwest Ordinance and the sacred Missouri Compromise. Congress had purchased the territory, yet under Douglas' reasoning, it had no control over the disposition of slavery there. The entire nation was interested in the slavery issue, and properly so. Lincoln dismissed arguments that climate and geography rendered slavery impossible in Kansas and Nebraska. Only an explicit statutory prohibition was a true guarantee. \par Most importantly, Lincoln attacked the morality of slavery's extension and of slavery itself, while tempering this assault on the "peculiar institution" with moderate rhetoric toward the South. Douglas's contentions were perfectly acceptable if the black man (Lincoln used the archaic term "Negro") were no different than a hog. But Lincoln argued for the humanity of the slaves. They were people, not animals, and consequently possessed certain natural righ ts. "If the negro is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6572281 man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 , why then my ancient faith teaches me that `all men are created equal;' and that there can be no moral right in connection with one man's making a slave of another." Still, Lincoln attached no blame to the South for slavery, and confessed that he was not ready to accept black social and political equality. Though he strongly condemned any extension of slavery, he was still willing to tolerate even that to preserve the Union. Despite the radical nature of some of his statements, Lincoln was still a Whig, not an abolitionist. \par Lincoln's speech was a success. The historian Mark Neely contended that by linking moral condemnation of slavery with appeals to the founding fathe rs, Lincoln legitimated the oft-criticized antislavery movement. Lincoln biographer David Donald called the effort "a remarkable address, more elevated in sentiment and rhetoric than any speech Lincoln had previously made." Because Lincoln had spoken imme diately after }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 HYPERLINK "http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/bio/stephan.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid6572281 Stephen A. Douglas}}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 , who was touring Illinois to explain and defend the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he began to be thought of as Douglas's political foe. \par Lincoln was drafted to run for the s tate legislature in 1854, which he reluctantly agreed to do in the hope of assisting the congressional candidate for his district. He won handily, but immediately resigned to contest for a U.S. Senate seat, then decided by the Illinois General Assembly. T h e anti-Nebraska forces had won the General Assembly in 1854 but they were a queer political mix of Whigs, Democrats who had broken with Douglas over Kansas-Nebraska, and "Know Nothings." The latter party had formed in response to perceptions that the coun t ry was being overrun with immigrants, many of whom were Catholic in faith. Thus it was an essentially bigoted, anti-immigrant party seeking to protect old-line protestants' prerogatives and power. The old Whig party had broken down after the 1852 election , riven by insoluble sectional tensions. These disparate political groups were united in a common distaste for the Kansas-Nebraska Act. They squabbled over the Senate appointment, and Lincoln was forced to throw his support behind the anti-Nebraska Democra t }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 HYPERLINK "http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/bio/lyman.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid6572281 Lyman Trumbull }}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572281 . \par Bitterly disappointed, Lincoln gravitated toward the new Republican Party, the abolitionist faction of the anti-Nebraska coalition. Lincoln sought to draw other anti-Nebraska poli tical groups into the Republican Party, especially former Whigs, former Democrats, and Know-Nothings. On May 29, 1854, a convention of these factions met at Bloomington. They united in opposition to the extension of slavery. Lincoln gave another grand spe ech, the exact words of which have been lost, but fragmentary accounts suggest he urged the political fusion of those who opposed slavery's extension and the slave power. \par Despite his disappointment at losing the Senate seat, Lincoln had found a new political organization comprised of like-minded activists, and become one of its leaders. 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Results summary

Senate party division, 16th Congress (1819–1821)

  • Majority party: Democratic-Republican (30–37)
  • Minority party: Federalist (9)
  • Vacant: 3–0
  • Total seats: 42–46

Change in composition

Before the elections

After the admission of Illinois.

  DR1
DR11 DR10 DR9 DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3
Ill.
New seat
DR2
DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20
Ill.
Ran
DR21
Ind.
Ran
Majority → DR22
N.C.
Ran
F12
N.Y.
Ran
DR30
Vt.
Resigned
DR29
Pa.
Retired
DR28
Ohio
Retired
DR27
La.
Retired
DR26
N.H.
Unknown
DR25
Ky.
Unknown
DR24
Ga.
Unknown
DR23
S.C.
Ran
F11
Md.
Ran
F10
Conn.
Ran
F9 F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
  F1

Result of the general elections

  DR1
DR11 DR10 DR9 DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2
DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20
Ill.
Re-elected
DR21
Ind.
Re-elected
Majority → DR22
N.C.
Re-elected
DR31
Conn.
Gain
DR30
Vt.
Hold
DR29
Pa.
Hold
DR28
Ohio
Hold
DR27
N.H.
Hold
DR26
La.
Hold
DR25
Ky.
Hold
DR24
Ga.
Hold
DR23
S.C.
Re-elected
V1
N.Y.
F Loss
V2
Md.
F Loss
F9 F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
  F1

Results of the 1819 special elections

  DR1 DR2
DR12 DR11 DR10
Va.
Hold
DR9
Tenn.
Hold
DR8
Ky.
Hold
DR7
Ga.
Hold
DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3
DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20 DR21 DR22
Majority → DR23
DR32
Ala. Cl.2
New seat
DR31 DR30 DR29 DR28 DR27 DR26 DR25 DR24
DR33
Ala. Cl.3
New seat
DR34
Md. Cl.1
Gain
DR35
Md. Cl.3
Gain
V1 F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3
  F2 F1
Key:
DR# Democratic-Republican
F# Federalist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 15th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1818 or before March 4, 1819; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Louisiana
(Class 2)
William C. C. Claiborne Democratic-Republican 1817 Incumbent died November 23, 1817.
New senator elected January 12, 1818.
Democratic-Republican hold.
  • Green tickY Henry Johnson (Democratic-Republican) 30 votes
  • Mr. Livingston 5 votes
  • John MacDonough 4 votes
  • Dr. Hood 2 votes[2]
Massachusetts
(Class 1)
Eli P. Ashmun Federalist 1816 (special) Incumbent resigned May 10, 1818.
New senator elected June 5, 1818.
Federalist hold.
Illinois
(Class 3)
New State New State.
New senators elected October 7, 1818[4] on the first and third ballot.
Lots were drawn to assign them, respectively, to Classes 3 and 2.
The Class 3 senator had to run again for re-election in 1819, see below.
Two Democratic-Republican gains.
First ballot:
Second ballot:
  • Leonard White 16 votes
  • Jesse B. Thomas (Democratic-Republican) 14 votes
  • Michael Jones 10 votes[6]
Third ballot:
  • Green tickY Jesse B. Thomas (Democratic-Republican) 21 votes
  • Leonard White 18 votes
  • Michael Jones 1 vote[7]
Illinois
(Class 2)
Vermont
(Class 3)
James Fisk Democratic-Republican 1817 (special) Incumbent resigned January 8, 1818 to serve as collector of customs for the district of Vermont.
New senator elected October 20, 1818 to finish the term.
Winner also elected to the following term, see below.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Georgia
(Class 2)
George M. Troup Democratic-Republican 1816 (special)
1816
Incumbent resigned September 23, 1818.
New senator elected November 7, 1818 on the fourth ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.

Races leading to the 16th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1819 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Connecticut David Daggett Federalist 1813 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected October 22, 1818 on the third ballot.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Georgia Charles Tait Democratic-Republican 1809 (special)
1813
Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
New senator elected November 11, 1818.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Illinois Ninian Edwards Democratic-Republican 1818 Incumbent re-elected in early February 1819.[4]
Indiana Waller Taylor Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent re-elected December 16, 1818.
Kentucky Isham Talbot Democratic-Republican 1814 (special) Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
New senator elected December 17, 1818.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Louisiana Eligius Fromentin Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected on January 11, 1819, on the second ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Maryland Robert Goldsborough Federalist 1813 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect and the seat became vacant.
Federalist loss.
None.
New Hampshire Clement Storer Democratic-Republican 1817 (special) Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
New senator elected in 1818 on the third ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.
New York Rufus King Federalist 1813 Incumbent ran for re-election.
Legislature failed to elect and the seat became vacant.
Federalist loss.
Incumbent would later be re-elected in 1820, late in the next Congress.
North Carolina Nathaniel Macon Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1818.[18]
Ohio Jeremiah Morrow Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 30, 1819 on the fourth ballot.[20]
Democratic-Republican hold.
Pennsylvania Abner Lacock Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected December 8, 1818.[21]
Democratic-Republican hold.
South Carolina John Gaillard Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected in 1818.[22]
Vermont James Fisk Democratic-Republican 1817 (special) Incumbent resigned January 8, 1818 to serve as collector of customs for the district of Vermont.
New senator elected October 20, 1818.
Winner also elected to finish the term, see above.
Democratic-Republican hold.

Special elections during the 16th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1819 after March 4; ordered by election date. The new Congress was seated December 6, 1819, so some of these late-elected senators were seated after that.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Tennessee
(Class 1)
John H. Eaton Democratic-Republican 1818 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected October 9, 1819.
Georgia
(Class 2)
John Forsyth Democratic-Republican 1818 (special) Incumbent resigned February 17, 1819 to become U.S. Minister to Spain.
New senator elected November 6, 1819.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Kentucky
(Class 2)
John Crittenden Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent resigned March 3, 1819 to return to private practice.
New senator elected December 10, 1819.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Virginia
(Class 2)
John Eppes Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent resigned December 4, 1819 because of ill health.
New senator elected December 10, 1819.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Alabama
(Class 2)
New State New State.
New senator elected December 14, 1819.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Alabama
(Class 3)
New State New State.
New senator elected December 14, 1819.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Maryland
(Class 3)
Vacant Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
New senator elected late December 14, 1819 and qualified December 21, 1819.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Maryland
(Class 1)
Alexander Hanson Federalist 1816 (special) Incumbent died April 23, 1819.
New senator elected December 14, 1819 and qualified December 21, 1819.
Democratic-Republican gain.

Alabama

Connecticut

Georgia

Georgia (regular)

Georgia (specials)

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Kentucky (regular)

Kentucky (special)

Louisiana

Louisiana (regular)

Louisiana (special)

Maryland

1819 United States Senate elections in Maryland
← 1816 December 14, 1819 1821 →

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate William Pinkney Edward Lloyd
Party Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican
Legislative vote 49 50
Percentage 27.84% 28.41%

Due to both the Class 3 seat falling vacant at the normal end of the term and the Class 1 seat falling vacant due to the death of Alexander Contee Hanson, the legislature voted for both seats simultaneously. Edward Lloyd received the most votes and won the Class 3 seat. William Pinkney received the second-most votes and won the Class 1 seat.[33]

Massachusetts (special)

New Hampshire

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee (special)

Vermont

Vermont (regular)

Vermont (special)

Virginia (special)

See also

References

  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ "Louisiana 1818 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  3. ^ "Massachusetts 1818 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Buck, Solon J. (1917). Bill Thayer (ed.). "Illinois in 1818". University of Illinois Press. p. 304. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  5. ^ "Illinois 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  6. ^ "Illinois 1818 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  7. ^ "Illinois 1818 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  8. ^ "Vermont 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  9. ^ "Georgia 1818 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 4". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  10. ^ "Connecticut 1818 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Georgia 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  12. ^ "Illinois 1819 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  13. ^ "Indiana 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  14. ^ "Kentucky 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  15. ^ "Louisiana 1819 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  16. ^ "New Hampshire 1818 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  17. ^ "New York 1819 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  18. ^ "MACON, Nathaniel, (1757 - 1837)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  19. ^ "North Carolina 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  20. ^ a b Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. p. 100 – via Internet Archive.
  21. ^ a b Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006" (PDF). The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
  22. ^ "GAILLARD, John, (1765 - 1826)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  23. ^ "South Carolina 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  24. ^ "Vermont 1818 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  25. ^ "Tennessee 1819 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  26. ^ "Georgia 1819 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  27. ^ "Kentucky 1819 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  28. ^ "Virginia 1819 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  29. ^ "Alabama 1819 U.S. Senate, Class 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  30. ^ "Alabama 1819 U.S. Senate, Class 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  31. ^ "Maryland 1819 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  32. ^ "MD US Senate". Our Campaigns. August 30, 2004. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  33. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 14, 1819". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
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