Turned g

Turned g

ᵷ

Usage

Writing system Latin script

Type alphabetic

Language of origin Tabasaran language, Karaim language, Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions

Phonetic usage [ɣ]

Unicode codepoint U+1D77

History

Development

(speculated origin)

- - - - Γ γ
        𐌂
        C c
        G g
        ᵷ

Time period 1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965

Other

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

ᵷ or turned g is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.

Usage

In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski [pl] created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the dipthong [aʊ].

In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.^[1]

Turned g as a proposed symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.^[2]

Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.^[3]

In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens [sv] and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff [sv] used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892^[4] or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.^[5]

In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.^[6]

Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov [ru] in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты published in 1965.^[7]

A 19th century Gamilaraay text, using a rotated capital G for ŋ.

A rotated capital G (⅁) has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. It is encoded in Unicode at U+2141. It looks similar to the Hebrew letter Pe ⟨פ⟩.

Computing codes

ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "B with hook", an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. However the vertical alignment does not match.

Character information
Preview	⅁		ᵷ
Unicode name	TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G		LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	8513	U+2141	7543	U+01D77
UTF-8	226 133 129	E2 85 81	225 181 183	E1 B5 B7
Numeric character reference	⅁	⅁	ᵷ	ᵷ

References

^ Powell 1880, p. 15.
^ Association phonétique internationale 1900, p. 7‒8.
^ Boas et al. 1900.
^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1892, p. 34.
^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1921, p. 16.
^ Németh 2011, p. 81–82.
^ Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.