Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese) | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: "A Portuguesa" "The Portuguese" | |
 Location of Portugal (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W |
| Official languages | Portuguese |
| Recognised regional languages | Mirandese[note 1] |
| Ethnic groups (2021) |
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| Religion (2021)[4] |
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| Demonym(s) | Portuguese |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic[5] |
| Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | |
| Luís Montenegro | |
| Legislature | Assembly of the Republic |
| Establishment | |
| 868 | |
| 1095 | |
| 24 June 1128 | |
• Kingdom | 25 July 1139 |
| 5 October 1143 | |
| 1 December 1640 | |
| 23 September 1822 | |
• Republic | 5 October 1910 |
| 25 April 1974 | |
| 25 April 1976[note 3] | |
| 1 January 1986 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 92,212 km2 (35,603 sq mi)[6] (109th) |
• Water (%) | 1.2 (2015)[7] |
| Population | |
• 2021 estimate |  10,352,042[8] (89th) |
• 2021 census | 10,343,066[9] |
• Density | 112.2[10]/km2 (290.6/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total |  $432.1 billion[11] (51st) |
• Per capita | $42,067[11] (43rd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $255.9 billion[11] (50th) |
• Per capita | $24,910[11] (40th) |
| Gini (2020) |  31.2[12]medium |
| HDI (2021) | 0.866[13] very high (38th) |
| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC (WET) UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores) |
| Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind. | |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +351 |
| ISO 3166 code | PT |
| Internet TLD | .pt |
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| History of Portugal |
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| Timeline |
 Portugal portal |
The Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República Portuguesa) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. It was initially characterized by constant instability and was threatened by the possibility of a civil war during the early post-revolutionary years. A new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and major Estado Novo institutions were closed. Eventually the country granted independence to its African colonies and begun a process of democratization that led to the accession of Portugal to the EEC (today's European Union) in 1986.
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Transcription
Where, is the European Union? Obviously here somewhere, but much like the the European continent itself, which has an unclear boundary, the European Union also has some fuzzy edges to it. To start, the official members of the European Union are, in decreasing order of population: * Germany * France * The United Kingdom * Italy * Spain * Poland * Romania * The Kingdom of the Netherlands * Greece * Belgium * Portugal * The Czech Republic * Hungary * Sweden * Austria * Bulgaria * Denmark * Slovakia * Finland * Ireland * Croatia * Lithuania * Latvia * Slovenia * Estonia * Cyprus * Luxembourg * Malta The edges of the EU will probably continue to expand further out as there are other countries in various stages of trying to become a member. How exactly the European Union works is hideously complicated and a story for another time, but for this video you need know only three things: 1. Countries pay membership dues and 2. Vote on laws they all must follow and 3. Citizens of member countries are automatically European Union citizens as well This last means that if you're a citizen of any of these countries you are free to live and work or retire in any of the others. Which is nice especially if you think your country is too big or too small or too hot or too cold. The European Union gives you options. By the way, did you notice how all three of these statements have asterisks attached to this unhelpful footnote? Well, get used to it: Europe loves asterisks that add exceptions to complicated agreements. These three, for example, point us toward the first bit of border fuzziness with Norway, Iceland and little Liechtenstein. None of which are in the European Union but if you're a EU citizen you can live in these countries and Norwegians, Icelanders, or Liechtensteiner(in)s can can live in yours. Why? In exchange for the freedom of movement of people they have to pay membership fees to the European Union -- even though they aren't a part of it and thus don't get a say its laws that they still have to follow. This arrangement is the European Economic Area and it sounds like a terrible deal, were it not for that asterisk which grants EEA but not EU members a pass on some areas of law notably farming and fishing -- something a country like Iceland might care quite a lot about running their own way. Between the European Union and the European Economic Area the continent looks mostly covered, with the notable exception of Switzerland who remains neutral and fiercely independent, except for her participation in the Schengen Area. If you're from a country that keeps her borders extremely clean and / or well-patrolled, the Schengen Area is a bit mind-blowing because it's an agreement between countries to take a 'meh' approach to borders. In the Schengen Area international boundaries look like this: no border officers or passport checks of any kind. You can walk from Lisbon to Tallinn without identification or need to answer the question: "business or pleasure?". For Switzerland being part of Schengen but not part of the European Union means that non-swiss can check in any time they like, but they can never stay. This koombaya approach to borders isn't appreciated by everyone in the EU: most loudly, the United Kingdom and Ireland who argue that islands are different. Thus to get onto these fair isles, you'll need a passport and a good reason. Britannia's reluctance to get fully involved with the EU brings us to the next topic: money. The European Union has its own fancy currency, the Euro used by the majority, but not all of the European Union members. This economic union is called the Eurozone and to join a country must first reach certain financial goals -- and lying about reaching those goals is certainly not something anyone would do. Most of the non-Eurozone members when they meet the goals, will ditch their local currency in favor of the Euro but three of them Denmark, Sweden and, of course, the United Kingdom, have asterisks attracted to the Euro sections of the treaty giving them a permanent out-out. And weirdly, four tiny European countries Andorra, San Marino, Monaco & Vatican City have an asterisk giving them the reverse: the right print and use Euros as their money, despite not being in the European Union at all. So that's the big picture: there's the EU, which makes all the rules, the Eurozone inside it with a common currency, the European Economic Area outside of it where people can move freely and the selective Schengen, for countries who think borders just aren't worth the hassle. As you can see, there's some strange overlaps with these borders, but we're not done talking about complications by a long shot one again, because empire. So Portugal and Spain have islands from their colonial days that they've never parted with: these are the Madeira and Canary Islands are off the coast of Africa and the Azores well into the Atlantic. Because these islands are Spanish and Portuguese they're part of the European Union as well. Adding a few islands to the EU's borders isn't a big deal until you consider France: the queen of not-letting go. She still holds onto a bunch of islands in the Caribbean, Reunion off the coast of Madagascar and French Guiana in South America. As far as France is concerned, these are France too, which single handedly extends the edge-to-edge distance of the European Union across a third of Earth's circumference. Collectively, these bits of France, Spain and Portugal are called the Outermost Regions -- and they're the result of the simple answer to empire: just keep it. On the other hand, there's the United Kingdom, the master of maintaining complicated relationships with her quasi-former lands -- and she's by no means alone in this on such an empire-happy continent. The Netherlands and Denmark and France (again) all have what the European Union calls Overseas Territories: they're not part of the European Union, instead they're a bottomless well of asterisks due to their complicated relationships with both with the European Union and their associated countries which makes it hard to say anything meaningful about them as a group but... in general European Union law doesn't apply to these places, though in general the people who live there are European Union citizens because in general they have the citizenship of their associated country, so in general they can live anywhere in the EU they want but in general other European Union citizens can't freely move to these territories. Which makes these places a weird, semipermeable membrane of the European Union proper and the final part we're going to talk about in detail even though there are still many, more one-off asterisks you might stumble upon, such as: the Isle of Man or those Spanish Cities in North Africa or Gibraltar, who pretends to be part of Southwest England sometimes, or that region in Greece where it's totally legal to ban women, or Saba & friends who are part of the Netherlands and so should be part of the EU, but aren't, or the Faeroe Islands upon which while citizens of Denmark live they lose their EU citizenship, and on and on it goes. These asterisks almost never end, but this video must.
Background
In Portugal, 1926 marked the end of the First Republic, in a military coup that established an authoritarian government called Estado Novo, that was led by António de Oliveira Salazar until 1968, when he was forced to step down due to health problems. Salazar was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano. The government faced many internal and external problems, including the Portuguese Colonial War.
On 25 April 1974 a mostly bloodless coup of young military personnel forced Marcelo Caetano to step down. Most of the population of the country soon supported this uprising. It was called the Carnation Revolution because of the use of the carnation on soldiers' rifles as a symbol of peace. This revolution was the beginning of the Portuguese Third Republic. The days after the revolution saw widespread celebration for the end of 48 years of dictatorship and soon exiled politicians like Álvaro Cunhal and Mário Soares returned to the country for the celebration of May Day, in what became a symbol of the country's regained freedom.
After the revolution
After the fall of the Estado Novo, differences began to emerge on which political direction the country should take, including among the military. The revolution was mainly the result of the work of a group of young officers unified under the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA). Within this group, there were several different political views, among them those represented by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and considered to be the more radical wing of the movement and those represented by Ernesto Melo Antunes, considered to be the more moderate one.
In addition to that, to ensure the success of the uprising, the MFA looked for support among the conservative sections of the military that had been disaffected with the Caetano government, chief among which were the former Head of the Armed Forces, General Francisco da Costa Gomes, and General António de Spínola. Both had been expelled from the Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas for criticizing the government.
The differing political views came to be broadly represented by three main informal groups, which included both military and civilians. However, even within these groups that shared similar political views there were considerable disagreements.
- the conservatives: within the military, represented by Costa Gomes and Spínola and within the MFA by Melo Antunes. Its civilian representatives were politicians that had been part of the Ala Liberal (Liberal Wing) of the Assembleia Nacional (National Assembly) that called for a transition to democracy, among them the future Prime-Ministers Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Francisco Pinto Balsemão.
- the socialists: that were in favour of creating a social-democratic state like those of Western Europe and were mainly represented by the Socialist Party and its leader Mário Soares.
- the communists: that were in favour of creating a communist state with an economic system similar to those of the Warsaw Pact countries. The main representative of this group within the military and the MFA was Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, while the main political party included in this group was the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), led by Álvaro Cunhal.
2000s
In 2001, António Guterres, the Prime Minister since 1995, resigned after the local elections, and after legislative elections on the following year, José Manuel Barroso was appointed as the new Prime Minister.[14] In July 2004, Prime Minister Barroso resigned as prime minister to become President of the European Commission.[15] He was succeeded by Pedro Santana Lopes, as leader of Social Democratic Party and Prime Minister of Portugal.[16] In 2005, Socialists got a landslide victory in early elections. Socialist Party leader Jose Socrates became the new prime minister after the elections.[17] In 2009 elections Socialist Party won re-election but lost its overall majority. In October 2009, Prime Minister Jose Socrates formed a new minority government.[18]
The Euro
On 1 January 2002, Portugal adopted the euro as its currency in place of the escudo.[19]
Euro 2004
Euro 2004 was held across Portugal. The final match was won by Greece against Portugal. Several new stadia were built or rebuilt for the event. This event granted Portugal an opportunity to show its hosting abilities to the rest of the world.[20]
2006 presidential elections
The Portuguese presidential election were held on 22 January 2006 to elect a successor to the incumbent President Jorge Sampaio, who was prevented from running for a third consecutive term by the Constitution of Portugal. The result was a victory in the first round for Aníbal Cavaco Silva of the Social Democratic Party, the former Prime Minister, who won 50.59 per cent of the vote in the first round, just over the majority required to avoid a runoff election. Voter turnout was 62.60 per cent of eligible voters.[21]
Economic difficulties
From 2007 to 2008 onwards, Portugal was severely affected by the European sovereign-debt crisis. The legacy of considerable borrowing from earlier years became an almost unsustainable debt for the Portuguese economy, bringing the country to the verge of bankruptcy by 2011. This resulted in urgent measures to address structural problems in the economy, raise taxes and reduce public-sector spending. Increasing unemployment also led to increased emigration.
2010s
Portugal suffered from a severe economic crisis between 2009 and 2016.[22]
In January 2011, Anibal Cavaco Silva was easily re-elected as President of the Republic of Portugal for a second five-year term in the first round of the election.[23]
In 2011, Portugal applied for EU assistance, as the third European Union country after Greece and Ireland, to cope with its budget deficit caused by the financial crisis.[24]
In June 2011, center-right Passos Coelho became the new prime minister of the financially-troubled country, succeeding former Socialist Prime Minister Jose Socrates. The Social Democrat Party, led by Pedro Passos Coelho, won the parliamentary election earlier same month.[25]
Austerity budgets included spending cuts and higher taxes, which caused worsening living standards in the country and higher unemployment to above 16%.[26]
In October 2015 parliamentary elections, the governing centre-right coalition of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho won narrowly, but the coalition lost its absolute majority in parliament.[27]
The new minority government led by Passos Coelho was soon toppled in a parliamentary vote. The 11-day-old government was the shortest-lived national government in the Portuguese history. In November 2015, The Socialist leader Antonio Costa became Portugal's prime minister, after forming an alliance with Communist, Green and Left Bloc parties.[28]
In January 2016, centre-right politician Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected as the new president of Portugal.[29]
In October 2016, former Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres was officially appointed as the next United Nations Secretary-General. He took office on 1 January 2017, when Ban Ki-moon's second five-year term ended.[30] António Guterres has announced that he will be seeking a second five-year term as UN Secretary-General, which would begin in January 2022.[31]
In October 2019, Prime Minister Antonio Costa won the parliamentary election. His Socialist party won the most votes, but it did not get the absolute majority in parliament. The party continued its pact with two far-left parties - the Left Bloc and the Communists. Portugal's economy had grown above the EU average and many cuts to public sector had been reversed.[32]
2020s
In January 2021, Portugal's centre-right president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa won re-election, after taking 60.7% of the votes in the first round of the election.[33]
In June 2021, United Nations General Assembly unanimously elected Antonio Guterres to a second five-year term as secretary-general.[34]
The ruling Socialist Party, led by Prime Minister António Costa, won an outright majority in the January 2022 snap general election. The Socialist Party won 120 seats in the 230 seat parliament, defeating the right-wing to form the XXIII Constitutional Government of Portugal.[35]
On 2 April 2024, the new center-right minority government, led by Prime Minister Luís Montenegro, took office, resulting from the slim victory of the Democratic Alliance in the snap election.[36]
Timeline
Incumbent leaders
Economic data since 1980
GDP growth %
GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)
Source:[37]
See also
Notes
- ^ Mirandese, spoken in the region of Terra de Miranda, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro),[1] awarding it an official right-of-use.[2] Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.
- ^ By country of birth
- ^ Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005.
References
- ^ a b "Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ a b The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
- ^ "661 mil imigrantes, mais 71 mil do que antes da pandemia" (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses". RTP. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ Constitution of Portugal, Preamble:
- ^ (in Portuguese)"Superfície Que municípios têm maior e menor área?". Pordata. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Estimativas de População Residente, Portugal, NUTS I, II e III e Municípios. Exercício Ad hoc 2020 e 2021". ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ "PORDATA - Population density, according to Census".
- ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects – Portugal". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ Nash, Elizabeth (18 March 2002). "Right gains power by narrow margin in Portugal". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 2 October 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Barroso Appointed EU Commission President – DW – 06/30/2004". dw.com.
- ^ "Santana Lopes is new PM". Portugal Resident. 21 July 2004.
- ^ "José Sócrates | World Leaders Forum". worldleaders.columbia.edu.
- ^ "Portugal profile - Timeline". BBC News. 18 May 2018.
- ^ "Portugal and the euro". European Commission - European Commission.
- ^ "History". UEFA.com. 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Anibal Cavaco Silva wins the presidential election in the first round". www.robert-schuman.eu.
- ^ Pettinger, Tejvan (26 February 2018). "Portugal Economic Crisis". Economics Help.
- ^ "Anibal Cavaco Silva is easily re-elected as President of the Republic of Portugal". www.robert-schuman.eu.
- ^ "Timeline: Portugal". 22 March 2012 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Center-Right Leader Passos Coelho Named Portugal's New PM « VOA Breaking News".
- ^ "Portugal passes latest austerity budget". BBC News. 26 November 2013.
- ^ "Portugal centre-right wins re-election despite bailout". BBC News. 5 October 2015.
- ^ Lisbon, Agence France-Presse in (25 November 2015). "Portugal gets Antonio Costa as new PM after election winner only lasted 11 days". the Guardian.
- ^ "Portugal's new president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa wants to 'heal wounds'". euronews. 24 January 2016.
- ^ "Portugal's Antonio Guterres elected UN secretary-general". BBC News. 14 October 2016.
- ^ "Guterres to seek second five-year term as UN Secretary-General". UN News. 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Portugal election: Socialists win without outright majority". BBC News. 7 October 2019.
- ^ "Portugal's centre-right president re-elected but far right gains ground". the Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Guterres re-elected for second-term as UN Secretary General". euronews. 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Portugal election: Socialists win unexpected majority". BBC News. 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Portugal's new government aims to outmanoeuvre radical populist rivals". euronews. 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2022". www.imf.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
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This page was last edited on 23 April 2024, at 06:14