| Smyrniote crusades | |||||||||
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| Part of the Crusades | |||||||||
 19th-century representation of the death of the crusade's leaders in 1345, by Giuseppe Gatteri | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Republic of Venice Knights Hospitaller Kingdom of Cyprus Dauphiné of Viennois Papal States | Emirate of Aydin | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Henry of Asti † Pietro Zeno † Martino Zaccaria † Hugh IV of Cyprus Humbert II of Viennois |
Umur Beg (1343–1348) † Hızır Beg (1348–1351) | ||||||||
The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Emirate of Aydin under Umur Bey which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor.
The first Smyrniote crusade was the brainchild of Clement VI. The threat of Turkish piracy in the Aegean Sea had induced Clement's predecessors, John XXII and Benedict XII, to maintain a fleet of four galleys there to defend Christian shipping, but starting in the 1340s, Clement endeavoured with Venetian aid to expand this effort into a full military expedition. He commissioned Henry of Asti, the Catholic patriarch of Constantinople, to organise a league against the Turks, who had increased their piracy in the Aegean in recent years. Hugh IV of Cyprus and the Knights Hospitaller joined and on 2 November 1342, the Pope sent letters to engage the men and ships of Venice. The Papal bull granting the Crusade indulgence and authorising its preaching throughout Europe, Insurgentibus contra fidem, was published on 30 September.
The first Smyrniote crusade began with the naval victory of the Battle of Pallene and ended with an assault on Smyrna, capturing the harbour and the citadel but not the acropolis, on 28 October 1344. In a gesture of overconfidence, on 17 January 1345 Henry of Asti attempted to celebrate mass in an abandoned structure which he believed had been the cathedral of the metropolitan. In the middle of the service Umur Bey swept down on the congregation and the leaders of the crusade were killed, including the Patriarch, Martino Zaccaria, commander of the Papal galleys and the Venetian commander, Pietro Zeno.
The precarious situation of the Crusaders in Asia Minor spurred the Pope to organise a second expedition in 1345. In November, under the command of Humbert II of Viennois, the second Smyrniote crusade set out from Venice. In February 1346 it won a victory over the Turks at Mytilene but Humbert did little more at Smyrna than sortie against the Turks and refortify the Christian section of the city. The next five years were occupied by Clement VI with attempts to negotiate a truce with the Turks, who kept Smyrna in a constant state of siege by land and direct financial and military aid to the city. Although Clement's concern with the Crusade ended abruptly in September 1351, the city of Smyrna remained in Christian hands until the Siege of Smyrna by the Timurids in 1402.
References
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. pp. 184–223. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.
Further reading
- Carr, Mike. 2014. "Humbert of Viennois and the Crusade of Smyrna: A Reconsideration". Crusades 13 (1): 237–51.
- Gay, Jules. 1904. Le pape Clément VI et les affaires d'Orient. PhD thesis.
This page was last edited on 2 March 2024, at 19:23