Sesquioxide

A sesquioxide is an oxide of an element (or radical), where the ratio between the number of atoms of that element and the number of atoms of oxygen is 2:3. For example, aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ and phosphorus(III) oxide P₄O₆ are sesquioxides. Many sesquioxides contain a metal in the +3 oxidation state and the oxide ion O²⁻, e.g., aluminium oxide Al₂O₃, lanthanum(III) oxide La₂O₃ and iron(III) oxide Fe₂O₃. Sesquioxides of iron and aluminium are found in soil. The alkali metal sesquioxides are exceptions because they contain both peroxide O2−2 and superoxide O−2 ions, e.g., rubidium sesquioxide Rb₄O₆ is formulated (Rb⁺)₄(O2−2)(O−2)₂.^[1] Sesquioxides of metalloids and nonmetals are better formulated as covalent, e.g. boron trioxide B₂O₃, dinitrogen trioxide N₂O₃ and phosphorus(III) oxide P₄O₆; chlorine trioxide Cl₂O₃ and bromine trioxide Br₂O₃ do not have oxidation state +3 on the halogen.

Many transition metal oxides crystallize in the corundum structure type, with space group R3c. Sesquioxides of rare earth elements crystalize into one or more of three crystal structures: hexagonal (type A, space group P3m1), monoclinic (type B, space group C2/m), or body-centered cubic (type C, space group Ia3).^[2]^[3]

Sesquioxidizing, meaning the creation of a sesquioxide, is the highest scoring word that would fit on a Scrabble board,^[4] though it does not actually appear in any official Scrabble dictionary.^[5] Though the Oxford English Dictionary already listed the noun and the past participle adjective — sesquioxidation and sesquioxidized, respectively — the verb, sesquioxidize, and its conjugated forms, have been absent from the dictionaries used as sources for the official Scrabble word lists. An early appearance of the noted present participle had occurred in the 1860 publication of the State of New York's Legislative Assembly's Transactions of the State Medical Society,^[6] yet the word's first appearance in a dictionary was in the 1976 edition of Josepha Heifetz Byrne's Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure, and Preposterous Words (ISBN 0806504986),^[7] One could theoretically score 2044 points in a single move, when otherwise only words from the official Scrabble word list are used.^[8]

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List of sesquioxides

B₂O₃

N₂O₃

Al₂O₃

P₄O₆

Cl₂O₃

Sc₂O₃

Ti₂O₃

V₂O₃

Cr₂O₃

Mn₂O₃

Fe₂O₃

Co₂O₃

Ni₂O₃

Cu₂O₃

Ga₂O₃

As₂O₃

Br₂O₃

Rb₄O₆

Y₂O₃

Rh₂O₃

In₂O₃

Sb₂O₃

Cs₄O₆

Lu₂O₃

W₂O₃

Au₂O₃

Tl₂O₃

Bi₂O₃

↓

La₂O₃

Ce₂O₃

Pr₂O₃

Nd₂O₃

Pm₂O₃

Sm₂O₃

Eu₂O₃

Gd₂O₃

Tb₂O₃

Dy₂O₃

Ho₂O₃

Er₂O₃

Tm₂O₃

Yb₂O₃

Ac₂O₃

Am₂O₃

Cm₂O₃

Bk₂O₃

Cf₂O₃

Es₂O₃

References

^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Eyring, LeRoy; Holmberg, Bo (1963-01-01). "Ordered Phases and Nonstoichiometry in the Rare Earth Oxide System". Advances in Chemistry. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 46–57. doi:10.1021/ba-1964-0039.ch004. ISBN 978-0-8412-0040-1. ISSN 0065-2393.
^ Marezio, M. (1966-11-01). "Refinement of the crystal structure of In2O3 at two wavelengths". Acta Crystallographica. 20 (6). International Union of Crystallography (IUCr): 723–728. doi:10.1107/s0365110x66001749. ISSN 0365-110X.
^ The Scrabble Omnibus, Gyles Brandreth, ISBN 0-00-218081-2
^ [1], David K. Israel, "Scrabble Word Records", March 22, 2010, accessed March 31, 2018
^ New York State, Legislature, Assembly (1860). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Eighty-third Session. — 1860. Volume IV ; No. 111: Transactions of the State Medical Society, p. 19
^ Keith W. Smith Total scrabble, page 67
^ Record for the Highest Scoring Scrabble Move at scrabulizer.com, accessed 2008-05-30

This page was last edited on 15 December 2023, at 12:27

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Transcription

List of sesquioxides

References