Second Romanian campaign of World War I

The second Romanian campaign of World War I was one of the shortest military operations of the war, taking place during the last two days of the war, 10 and 11 November 1918. With no significant battles, it yielded important territorial as well as material gains for the Romanians, and was a prelude to the Hungarian–Romanian War, which would start two days later, on 13 November.

Background

The First Romanian Campaign ended in victory for the Central Powers, forcing Romania to sign the Treaty of Bucharest and drop out of the war in May 1918. This treaty was deeply resented by the Romanians.

But after Bulgaria had capitulated on 29 September 1918, the French-led Army of the Danube under of Henri Mathias Berthelot, traveled unopposed under armistice terms through Bulgaria by rail towards Romania. By the end of October, they had reached Pleven, Veliko Tarnovo and Ruse on the Bulgarian-Romanian border. There was still a large German-Austrian-Hungarian occupation force present in Romania under command of August von Mackensen. By early November however, it was clear the war was lost and the occupation force marched home towards Hungary, and the French crossed the Danube at Svishtov and Nikopol.^[1] These events motivated Romania to re-declare war on the Central Powers on 10 November 1918.^[2]

Course of the campaign

Northern front

On the northern front, Romanian troops occupied Austrian Bukovina, entering the capital Czernowitz on 11 November.^[3]

Southern front

In the morning of 11 November, three hours before the Allied Armistice with Germany was signed, the Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu, together with the 30-ton river torpedo boat Trotușul, recovered the port of Brăila after the Germans retreated from the city. The two Romanian warships captured 77 assorted German vessels abandoned in the city's port (barges, tankers, tugs, floating cranes, and motorboats).^[4]

References

^ Général Bernachot, Les Armées françaises en Orient après l'armistice de 1918, Imprimerie nationale, 1970, volume 2.L'Armée du Danube, l'Armée française d'Orient (28 octobre 1918 – 25 janvier 1920).
^ Spencer C. Tucker, The Great War, 1914–1918, Routledge, 2002, p. 121
^ Paul R. Magocsi, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 553
^ Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Marina română în primul război mondial, Modelism Publishing, 2000, p. 251 (in Romanian)

Great Union (Marea Unire)

Background

Ideology	Romanian nationalism Romanian irredentism Greater Romania
Events	Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia Independence and annexation of Northern Dobruja Romanian annexation of Silistra Conquest of Southern Dobruja Treaty of Bucharest of 1916

Figures

Accomplishment

Romania in World War I	First Romanian war plan 1916 Romanian Campaign Battle of Transylvania The Romanian Debacle Battle of Bucharest Central Powers occupation of Romania 1917 Romanian Campaign Battle of Mărăști Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia Second Romanian campaign Hungarian–Romanian War Romanian occupation of Hungary Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
Institutions and documents	Sfatul Țării General Congress of Bukovina Great Romanian National Council Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia Declaration of Alba Iulia Directing Council Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Paris (unenforced)
Unifications	Union with Bessarabia Union with Bukovina Union with Transylvania

Disestablishment

Aftermath

Commemoration

Holidays	Dobruja Day Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania Bukovina Day Great Union Day (Romanian national day) Trianon Treaty Day
Centenary	Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal Centenary March Union declarations

World War I

Theatres

European	Balkans Serbia Western Front Eastern Front Romania Italian Front
Middle Eastern	Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia Central Arabia
African	South West East Kamerun Togoland North
Asian and Pacific	Tsingtao German Samoa German New Guinea
Naval warfare	U-boat campaign North Atlantic Mediterranean

Principal
participants

Entente Powers	Leaders Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Empire of Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia Siam United Kingdom British Empire United States
Central Powers	Leaders Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Senussi South African Republic Darfur

Timeline

Pre-War conflicts	Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Scramble for Africa (1880–1914) Russo-Japanese War (1905) Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Bosnian Crisis (1908–09) Agadir Crisis (1911) Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) First Balkan War (1912–13) Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude	Origins Historiography Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis
Autumn 1914	German invasion of Belgium Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer Battle of Galicia Russian invasion of East Prussia Battle of Tannenberg Siege of Tsingtao First Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Grand Couronné First Battle of the Marne Siege of Przemyśl Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres Black Sea raid Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish
Winter 1914	Christmas truce
1915	Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Łomża Second Battle of Ypres Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice–Tarnów offensive Great Retreat Bug-Narew Offensive Siege of Novogeorgievsk Vistula–Bug offensive Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos
1916	Erzurum offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov offensive Baranovichi offensive Battle of Romani Monastir offensive Battle of Transylvania
1917	Capture of Baghdad February Revolution Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky offensive Battle of Mărăști Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine offensive October Revolution Battle of La Malmaison Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Focșani Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1918	Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German spring offensive Zeebrugge Raid Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 Battle of Goychay Second Battle of the Piave River Second Battle of the Marne Hundred Days Offensive Vardar offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse–Argonne offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Second Romanian campaign Armistice with Germany Armistice of Belgrade
Co-belligerent conflicts	Somaliland campaign (1900–1920) Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Muscat rebellion (1913–1920) Zaian War (1914–1921) Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917) Ovambo Uprising (1914-1917) Kelantan rebellion (1915) Senussi campaign (1915–1917) Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) National Protection War Arab Revolt (1916-1918) Central Asian Revolt (1916–17) Invasion of Darfur (1916) Easter Rising (1916) Kaocen revolt (1916–17) Russian Revolution (1917) Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts	Russian Civil War (1917–1921) Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921) Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) Armeno-Georgian War (1918) German Revolution (1918–19) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19) Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920) Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Egyptian Revolution (1919) Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920) Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) Turkish War of Independence Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Iraqi Revolt (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet–Georgian War (1921)

Aspects

Warfare

Conscription	Australia Canada Ottoman Empire United Kingdom Ireland United States

Casualties /
Civilian impact

British casualties
- Parliamentarians
Ottoman casualties
Sports
- Rugby
- Olympians

Disease	1899–1923 cholera pandemic 1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia Spanish flu
Occupations	Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeast France Ober Ost Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia
POWs	Germans in the United States Italians POW locations Canada Germany / camps Switzerland
Refugees	Belgian refugees Netherlands United Kingdom
War crimes	Allied blockades Eastern Mediterranean Mount Lebanon famine Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Sack of Dinant Late Ottoman genocides Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Massacres of Albanians Ukrainian Canadian internment

Diplomacy

Entry into the war	Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Ottoman Empire Russia United Kingdom United States
Declarations of war	Austria-Hungary against Serbia UK against Germany Ottomans against the Triple Entente USA against Germany USA against Austria-Hungary
Agreements	Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Treaty of Darin Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Peace treaties	modus vivendi of Acroma Treaties of Brest-Litovsk Russia–Central Powers Ukraine–Central Powers Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne

Other

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Second Romanian campaign of World War I

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Background

Course of the campaign

Northern front

Southern front

References