The Second New Deal is a term used by historians[1] to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, the Banking Act, the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, the Public Utility Holding Companies Act, the Social Security Act, and the Wealth Tax Act.[2][3]
In his address to Congress on 4 January 1935, Roosevelt called for five major goals: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, slum clearance, and a national work relief program (the Works Progress Administration) to replace direct relief efforts.[4] It included programs to redistribute wealth, income, and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act of 1935, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. The undistributed profits tax was only short-lived.
After trying since 1920, millions of organized World War veterans demanded their bonus. They never convinced FDR but New Deal liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of $1.5 billion to 3 million veterans over FDR's veto.[5]
Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the long-term voter New Deal Coalition of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it. In reaction, conservatives—typified by the American Liberty League—were strongly opposed but not as well organized at the grass roots. Big business took the lead in opposition.[6] Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936; liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938.[7] Old programs continued for a while. Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem. These included the WPA, NYA and the Resettlement Administration. Social Security and the Wagner Act, however, survived.
Most of the major laws had been under consideration by New Dealers for years. However, agitators on the left, especially Huey Long of Louisiana, were gaining strength and may have forced Roosevelt's hand.[8][9] Other historians point to the influence of millions of organized World War veterans who wanted their bonus.[10]
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See also
References
- ^ And by a few contemporary commentators such as Frank Kent, Without Grease (1936), p. 63
- ^ David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War 1929-1945 (1999) p. 242.
- ^ William E. Lwuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963) pp 143–166.
- ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Annual Message to Congress". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
- ^ Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010)
- ^ James T. Patterson, Congressional conservatism and the New Deal (University Press of Kentucky, 2014)
- ^ Kennedy, pp 242-245.
- ^ Edwin Amenta, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen thunder? Huey Long's 'Share our wealth,' political mediation, and the second New Deal." American Sociological review (1994): 678-702. online
- ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
Further reading
- Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's" Share Our Wealth," Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review (1994): 678–702. in JSTOR
- Best, Gary Dean. "Stuart Chase and the Second New Deal." in Peddling Panaceas ( Routledge, 2017) pp. 145–168.
- Folsom, Burton (2009). New Deal or Raw Deal?: How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America. Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1416592228.
- Jeffries, John W. "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945." Journal of Policy History 8.4 (1996): 387–409.
- Katznelson, Ira (2013). Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0871407382.
- Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001)
- Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963). online
- Marty, Frédéric, and Thierry Kirat. "The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941)." in The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941) (2021): 11–51. online
- Ortiz, Stephen R. Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
- Patterson, James T. (1967). Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37ff. ISBN 9780813164045..
- Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010) excerpt and text search
- Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III) (1959), excerpt and text search
This page was last edited on 17 May 2024, at 12:03