Muhammad Ahmad | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 31 July 1941 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Other names | Maxwell Curtis Stanford Max Stanford |
| Employer | Temple University |
| Organization | Revolutionary Action Movement (1962-1967) |
Muhammad Ahmad (born 31 July 1941), also known as Max Stanford and Maxwell Curtis Stanford, is an American civil rights activist and one of the founders of the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), a Marxist–Leninist[1] black power[2] organisation, which was active from 1962 to 1968.[3] He currently teaches in the department of African American Studies at Temple University in Philadelphia.[2][4]
Political activism
Early life
Max Stanford was born on 31 July 1941 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He described his family as "very political" and attributes the development of his political consciousness to his father.[4] He graduated from West Philadelphia High School and attended Central State College in Wilberforce, Ohio from 1960 to 1962.
Founding the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM)
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In 1961, an off-campus chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), called Challenge, was formed by students from Central State College. According to Stanford, Challenge possessed no basic ideology.[5] By 1962, the group came into contact with Donald Freeman, a school teacher from Cleveland, Ohio. With the guidance of Freeman,[5] Challenge eventually transformed into RAM, a group which was based on Marxist–Leninist[1][6] and black nationalist[2][5] ideas. Stanford was also inspired by Maoism, which he had become aware of through his admiration of Robert F. Williams.[7]: 123 The group initially called themselves the Reform Action Movement because they felt the term "revolutionary" would cause panic among the college's administration.[5]
After RAM managed to take over the student government of Central State College, some members wanted to continue their activism on campus, while other members, including Stanford, wanted to return to their respective communities and become full-time activists.[5] Stanford and another RAM member, Wanda Marshall, met with Malcolm X in New York and asked if they should join the Nation of Islam. Malcolm replied “You can do more for the Honorable Elijah Muhammad by organizing outside of the Nation”.[5]
COINTELPRO
Starting from 1956, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began the covert COINTELPRO campaign to infiltrate, discredit and disrupt organisations which were considered subversive. RAM was one of the groups targeted by the program[8] and Stanford was even referred to as "the most dangerous man in America", by J. Edgar Hoover.[9] In 1966, Stanford was arrested in New York, along with 15 other RAM members, accused of conspiring to assassinate NAACP leader Roy Wilkins and the Urban League's Whitney Young.[2] Stanford was acquitted of the charges and he returned to Philadelphia to establish the Black Guard, a youth and self-defense wing of RAM.[2]
In 1967, RAM was under the surveillance of Philadelphia police and the FBI. Police arrested Stanford on 26 July 1967, accusing RAM of planning to start a riot.[2] Over the next month, 35 other RAM members were also arrested. Subsequently, Stanford dissolved RAM in 1968[3] and its members joined other organisations.[2]
Personal life
After RAM was dissolved, Stanford converted to Islam in 1970 and changed his name to Muhammad Ahmad.[2] He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Massachusetts and a Master of Arts from Atlanta University in 1986. He completed his Ph.D. in Union Institute and University in 1992.
In 2011, Muhammad Ahmad stated in an interview with The Temple News,[4]
"I’m just a servant of the people and a servant of Allah. I don’t separate the two. I just think that the pursuit of happiness, equality, freedom and justice is the overwhelming will of the majority of people on planet Earth".
References
- ^ a b "Freedom Archives Search Engine". search.freedomarchives.org. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Maxwell Curtis Stanford Jr. (a.k.a. Muhammad Ahmad) (1941- ) •". 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ a b Jones, John (May 19, 2019). "A History of the Revolutionary Action Movement" (PDF). Marxists Internet Archive. p. 87.
By the end of 1968 RAM was dissolved as an official organization.
- ^ a b c "People You Should Know: Dr. Maxwell Stanford - The Temple News". temple-news.com. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Black Revolutionary Organization That You Probably Never Heard Of: The Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) 1962-1969". Red Voice. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ Engerman, David C.; Friedman, Max Paul; McAlister, Melani (eds.). The Cambridge History of America and the World: Volume 4, 1945 to the Present. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
Maoism inspired the formation of groups like the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), which applied Marxism-Leninism to the Black struggle in the United States
- ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- ^ Levy, Peter B. (2015). The Civil Rights Movement in America. ABC-CLIO. p. 79. ISBN 9781610697620.
- ^ Umoja, Akinyele; Young, Jasmin A.; Stanford, Karin L. (2018). Black Power Encyclopedia: From "Black is Beautiful" to Urban Uprisings [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 300. ISBN 9781440840074.
This page was last edited on 20 February 2024, at 23:21