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Modern kana usage

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Modern kana usage (現代仮名遣い, gendai kanazukai) is the present official kanazukai (system of spelling the Japanese syllabary). Also known as new kana usage (新仮名遣い, shin kanazukai), it is derived from historical usage.

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Transcription

MINA-SAN YOUKOSO! Hi everybody, my name is Chihiro and welcome to JapanesePod101.com's Kantan Kana series. The fastest easiest and most fun way to learn the two basic Japanese alphabets, Hiragana and Katakana. Over the next twenty five lessons, you'll go from zero to complete mastery. Are you ready? OK, let's begin! In the first half of this series, you will learn Hiragana. Every Hiragana character represents certain sounds, but doesn't have meaning by themselves. Using these Hiragana characters, you can write almost any Japanese word. There are 46 Hiragana characters, and they are commonly arranged like this. Look complicated? Don't worry. We'll do one row at a time, and before you know it you'll master them all. OK, let's start writing! The first character you will learn is: A. To write it correctly, pay attention to the stroke order. 1…2…3. When you're starting out try to make your characters look as close to mine as possible. Keep your lines slightly curved like this. Good! Let's move on. The second character is: I. I is more simple than A but there are two things to keep in mind. First, watch me draw it once. 1…2. When you draw I, imagine there is an oval that you're tracing around like this. This will help you write the lines correctly. Also, don't forget about this part. This is called a HANE. This is left from when characters were written with a brush and ink. Try to make this HANE with your pen. Believe it or not, now you know how to write a word in Japanese. This is AI, or "love" Let's learn another character so we can write more words. Here is "U". Make the top stroke angled like this, not flat. This is IU, which means "to speak" And here is AU, which means "to meet" Two more characters for this lesson, GANBATTE KUDASAI. E is next. The first stroke of E is the same as U, and the rest is all in one stroke. Don't lift up that pen! This is IE which means "house". And this is UE which means "up". Our last character today is O. This first stroke is like A But this stroke swings around like this and makes a loop. Then make one final stroke here. This is OI, "nephew" And this is AO, "blue" Now let's have a short quiz. I'll show you the Hiragana and you read it out loud Bonus points if you remember what it means Now it's time for Chihiro's tip: Have you been writing as you watch? I hope so Because there's no better way to master the kana quickly then to write them for yourself Do you know how to write KAKO, "past"? You'll learn how to write that and much more in the next lesson. See you then�

History

As long ago as the Meiji Restoration, there had been dissatisfaction regarding the growing discrepancy between spelling and speech. On November 16, 1946, soon after World War II, the cabinet instituted the modern Japanese orthography as part of a general orthographic reform. The system was further amended in 1986.

General differences

There were no small kana in the pre-reform system; thus, for example, きよ would be ambiguous between kiyo and kyo while かつた could be either katsuta or katta.

The pronunciation of medial h-row kana as w-row kana in the pre-reform system does not extend to compound words; thus, にほん was pronounced nihon, not nion (via **niwon). There are a small number of counterexamples; e.g., あひる "duck", pronounced ahiru rather than airu, or ふぢはら, pronounced Fujiwara, despite being a compound of Fuji (wisteria) + hara (field). The h-row was historically pronounced as fa, fi, fu, fe, fo (and even further back, pa, pi, pu, pe, po). Japanese f (IPA: [ɸ]) is close to a voiceless w, and so was easily changed to w in the middle of a word; the w was then dropped except for wa. This is also why fu is used to this day and has not become hu.

The vowel + (f)u changes do not apply between elements of compound words, for example, the name てらうち was Terauchi not Terōchi, as it is Tera (temple) + uchi (inside, home). The -fu of the modern -u series of verbs (that is, those verbs using the actual kana う, such as kau or omou) was not affected by the sound changes on the surface; however, some reports of Edo era Japanese indicate that verbs like tamau and harau were pronounced as tamō and harō instead. In contrast, the -ō in darō and ikō is a product of the sound change from au to ō.

Furthermore, the topic particle wa (は), the direction particle e (へ) and the direct object particle o (を) were exempted from spelling reform. In contemporary Japanese, the を-character is used only for the particle.

Examples

Here, for example, (a) includes all kana using the /a/ vowel, such as (ka) or (ta).

spelling changes
archaic modern
あ+う (a + u)
あ+ふ (a + fu)
おう (ō)
い+う (i + u)
い+ふ (i + fu)
ゆう ()
う+ふ (u + fu) うう (ū)
え+う (e + u)
え+ふ (e + fu)
よう ()
お+ふ (o + fu) おう (ō)
お+ほ (o + ho)
お+を (o + wo)
おお (ō)
く+わ (ku + wa) (ka)
Originally kwa
ぐ+わ (gu + wa) (ga)
Originally gwa
medial or final (ha) (wa)
medial or final (hi), (he), (ho) (i), (e), (o)
(via wi, we, wo, see below)
any (wi), (we), (wo) (i), (e), (o)
(voiced chi), (voiced tsu) (voiced shi), (voiced su) – see yotsugana

Regarding じぢずづ – these four morae are distinguished or merged to varying degrees in different Japanese dialects, with some dialects (Tōhoku and Okinawan, for example) merging all four into one, while other dialects (Tosa and Satsugū, for example) distinguish among the four. Standard spelling reflects the pronunciation of standard Japanese, which merges these into two sounds.

See also

This page was last edited on 14 May 2023, at 11:40
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