List of scientists in medieval Islamic world

Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:

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Astronomers and astrologers

Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777)
Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806)
Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850)
Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864)
Al-Marwazi (d. 869)
Al-Farghani (d. 870)
Al-Mahani (d. 880)
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
Dīnawarī (d. 896)
Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century)
Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century)
Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century)
Al-Nayrizi (d. 922)
Al-Battani (d. 929)
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971)
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986)
Al-Saghani (d. 990)
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998)
Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000)
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000)
Al-Majriti (d. 1007)
Ibn Yunus (d. 1009)
Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029)
Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036)
Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037)
Ibn Sina (d. 1037)
Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040)
Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048)
Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061)
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087)
Omar Khayyám (d. 1131)
Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138)
Ibn Tufail (d. 1185)
Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
Al-Khazini (d. 12th century)
Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204)
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213)
Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266)
Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274)
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310)
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311)
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346)
Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375)
Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429)
Ulugh Beg (d. 1449)
Ali Qushji (d. 1474)

Physiologists

Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation^[6]
Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy^[7]
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology^[8]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, ^[9] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine^[10]
Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies^[11]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery^[12]
Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception^[13]
Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time^[14]
Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,^[15] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness^[16]
Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology^[12]
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease^[12]
Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture^[17]

Chemists and alchemists

Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765)
Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber)
Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics
Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman)
Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus)
Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
Avicenna (980–1037)
Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130)
Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274)
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)

Economists and social scientists

Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science^[18]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology",^[19] Indology^[20]
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences^[21] such as demography,^[22] cultural history,^[23] historiography,^[24] philosophy of history,^[25] sociology^[22]^[25] and economics^[26]^[27]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist

Geographers and earth scientists

Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography^[28]
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science^[29]
al-Hamdani
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy,^[19]^[22] geology and Anthropology^[19]
Avicenna
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn Jubayr
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi

Mathematicians

Ali Qushji
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra^[30] and algorithms^[31]
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra^[32]
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
- Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
- Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Al-Battani (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)

Philosophers

Physicists and engineers

Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
- Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
- Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
- Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani (d. 990)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics,^[33] and experimental physics^[34]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics^[35]
Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century

Notes

^ Saliba, George. 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
^ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–55. doi:10.1086/353360. S2CID 144315162.
^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
^ "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" (PDF).
^ "The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world". TheGuardian.com. February 2010.
^ Haque 2004, p. 375.
^ Saoud 2004.
^ Haque 2004, p. 361.
^ Deuraseh & Abu Talib 2005.
^ Haque 2004, p. 362.
^ Haque 2004, p. 363.
^ ^a ^b ^c Martin-Araguz et al. 2002.
^ Khaleefa 1999.
^ Iqbal 1934.
^ Safavi-Abbasi, Brasiliense & Workman 2007.
^ Nasr & Leaman 1996.
^ Russell 1994.
^ Rosenthal 1950, p. 559.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ahmed 1984.
^ Khan 2000.
^ Ahmed 2002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mowlana 2001.
^ Abdalla 2007.
^ Ahmed 1999.
^ ^a ^b Akhtar 1997.
^ Oweiss 1988.
^ Boulakia 1971.
^ "Mas'udi, al-". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
^ Gari 2002.
^ Gandz 1936.
^ Nanisetti 2006.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ Al Deek 2004.
^ Thiele 2005.
^ Rozhanskaya & Levinova 1996.

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