To install click the Add extension button. That's it.
The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.
How to transfigure the Wikipedia
Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? We have created a browser extension. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology.
Try it — you can delete it anytime.
Install in 5 seconds
Yep, but later
4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
List of immortalized cell lines overgrown by other, more aggressive cells
Many cell lines that are widely used for biomedical research have been overgrown by other, more aggressive cells. For example, supposed thyroid lines were actually melanoma cells, supposed prostate tissue was actually bladder cancer, and supposed normal uterine cultures were actually breast cancer.[1] This is a list of cell lines that have been cross-contaminated and overgrown by other cells. Estimates based on screening of leukemia-lymphoma cell lines suggest that about 15% of these cell lines are not representative of what they are usually assumed to be.[2] A project is currently underway to enumerate and rename contaminated cell lines to avoid errors in research caused by misattribution.[3][4][a]
Contaminated cell lines have been extensively used in research without knowledge of their true character. For example, most if not all research on the endothelium ECV-304 or the megakaryocyte DAMI cell lines has in reality been conducted on bladdercarcinoma and erythroleukemia cells, respectively. Thus, all research on endothelium- or megakaryocyte-specific functions utilizing these cell lines has turned out to be misguided, serving more of a warning example.
There are two principal ways a cell line can become contaminated: cell cultures are often exchanged between research groups; if, during handling, a sample gets contaminated and then passed on, subsequent exchanges of cells will lead to the contaminating population being established, although parts of the supposed cell line are still genuine. More serious is contamination at the source: during establishment of the original cell line, some contaminating cells are accidentally introduced into the cultures, where they in time outgrow the desired cells. The initial testing, in this case, still suggested that the cell line is genuine and novel, but in reality, it has disappeared soon after being established and all samples of such cell lines are actually the contaminant cells. It requires lengthy research to determine the precise point where cell lines have become contaminated. A mix-up rated as contamination could in reality be a simple confusion of two cell lines, but usually contamination is assumed.[citation needed]
After a cell line has been discovered to be contaminated, they are usually never used again for research demanding the specific type of cell line they are assumed to be. Most contaminated cell lines are discarded, however sometimes contaminant cells have acquired novel characteristics (e.g., by mutation or viral transfection, for example the HeLa derivate Det98) and thus constitute a novel lineage after all, so are not thrown away. If a cell line is thought to be contaminated, it is usually tested for authenticity.[b] The widespread contamination of HeLa cells was initially recognized by Walter Nelson-Rees using simple Giemsa stain karyotyping under a light microscope. This technique works well in recognizing HeLa because these cells have distinctive chromosome aberrations. Novel cell lines are proliferated and distributed and/or deposited at a safekeeping institution such as the ATCC as soon as possible after establishment, to minimize the odds that the line becomes spoiled by contamination. It is considered good practice to periodically check cell lines maintained under laboratory conditions (i.e., not placed in long-term storage) for contamination with HeLa or other common contaminants, to ensure that their quality and integrity are maintained.[citation needed]
YouTube Encyclopedic
1/5
Views:
3 885
153 932
221 667
100 037
507
Mycoplasma: The Silent Contaminant (Cell Line Contamination) Webinar
Reproducibility Issues in Life Science Research: The Importance of Cell Line Authentication
1) Cell Culture Tutorial - An Introduction
Primary Cell culture and cell line | Cell culture basics
Do You Trust Your Cells? STR Profiling for Human Cell Line Authentication Webinar
This list, containing 488 cell lines, was last updated on 1 December 2016.[c]
Cellosaurus also is maintaining a list of "problematic" cell lines.[6] The list is dynamically generated from all cell lines in the database with a comment containing the dedicated words "Problematic cell line". As of 17 January 2017[update], the list contains 757 entries.
If no species is given in the individual entries of the following tables, the table's species applies to both the assumed and the actual cell types.
Cell lines marked Virtual in the table below are known instances of contamination at the source; these cell lines became extinct or never existed. Cases where non-contaminated lines are known or strongly suspected to exist are marked Existent.
Chen, TR (1988). "Re-evaluation of HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 karyotypes". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 48 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1159/000132579. PMID3180844.
Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Drexler, Hans G. (1999). "ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): cell line cross-contamination at source". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. 35 (10): 558–559. doi:10.1007/s11626-999-0091-8. PMID10614862. S2CID31347874.
Liscovitch, Mordechai; Ravid, Dana (January 2007). "A case study in misidentification of cancer cell lines: MCF-7/AdrR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are derived from OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells". Cancer Letters. 245 (1–2): 350–352. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.013. PMID16504380.
Unger, Ronald E.; Krump-Konvalinkova, V.; Peters, K.; Kirkpatrick, C. J. (2002). "In Vitro Expression of the Endothelial Phenotype: Comparative Study of Primary Isolated Cells and Cell Lines, Including the Novel Cell Line HPMEC-ST1.6R". Microvascular Research. 64 (3): 384–397. doi:10.1006/mvre.2002.2434. PMID12453433.