An apostolado (from Spanish; lit. 'apostolate'), or apostles series,[1] is a series of individual portrait paintings of the apostles of Jesus Christ, sometimes including other figures, such as Jesus, Luke, Mary, and/or Paul.[2][3][4][5] The first potential example of an apostolado stems from a pair of portraits of the apostles James the Elder and Philip by Albrecht Dürer in 1516, which he may have intended as a full series of twelve.[6][7] In Spain, apostolados are a prevalent genre of art of the apostles,[8] being popularized by Greco-Spanish painter El Greco[9] and leading to other renowned artists of the genre such as Francisco de Zurbarán,[10] Peter Paul Rubens,[11] and Anthony van Dyck.[12] Images of saints, and therefore the apostles, became popular in Catholic Europe during the Renaissance as a result of the Counter-Reformation, which in turn derived from a heavy emphasis of the Catholic doctrine of intercession of saints and opposition to Protestant iconoclasm.[13][14]
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Transcription
Apostolados
Although the concept of the apostles in the context of Christianity generally refers to the first twelve apostles of Jesus Christ as enumerated in the Gospels[15][16] (Judas Iscariot being replaced by Matthias due to his treachery),[17] some apostolados contain portraits of other important figures in Christianity, such as Jesus, Paul, Mary, and/or Luke.[2][3][4][5]
— Works that were never created
Lost works
| Series title | Artist | Notes | Andrew the First-Called | Bartholomew the Apostle | James the Elder | James the Younger | John the Beloved | Jude the Apostle | Matthew the Evangelist | Matthias the Apostle | Peter the Rock | Philip the Apostle | Simon the Zealot | Thomas the Twin | Jesus the Nazarene | Mary the Virgin | Paul the Apostle | Luke the Evangelist | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dürer's Apostle series | Albrecht Dürer | [a] | — | — | 
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | 
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | [6][7] |
| Apostolado de San Feliz | El Greco | 
|
— | 
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— | 
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— | — | 
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| Apostolado de Almadrones | El Greco and his workshop | [b] | 
|
— |  |
— | — | — | 
|
— | — | — | 
|
 |
|
— | 
|
|
[19][20] |
| Apostolate of the Museo del Greco[21] | El Greco and his workshop | 
|
|
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|
|
|
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— | 
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|
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|
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— | 
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— | [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] | |
| Apostolado Lerma[35] | Peter Paul Rubens | [c] | 
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— | 
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— | 
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— | [36] | |
| Böhler series[37] | Anthony van Dyck | [d] | 
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— | 
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— | [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][38][47][48] | |
| Apostolado del Prado | Jusepe de Ribera | 
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— | 
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— | 
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— | [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] | |||
| <i>The Twelve Apostles</i> | Francisco de Zurbarán | 
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— | 
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— | 
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— | — | 
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— | ||
| Rembrandt's apostles and evangelists[59] | Rembrandt | [e] | — | 
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— | — | — |  |
— | — | — | 
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— | 
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 |
— | [61][62][63][64][65] |
Notes
- ^ Dürer's two paintings were "perhaps the first separate, single paintings intended to be 'portraits' of the apostles." In addition, two other unknown apostles' portraits are mentioned.[6]
- ^ Only eight paintings were made by El Greco and his workshop in the parish church of Almadrones, Guadalajara Province. At first it was believed that a ninth portrait, that of John, was also a part of the series, however this was later proven false.[18]
- ^ The series was painted by Rubens around 1612 for a commission by Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma. The series originally included Jesus and Paul, but not Matthias. The painting of Jesus has since been lost.[36]
- ^ The series receives its name from Julius Böhler, a German art dealer who acquired the series around 1914. Originally composed of 13 pieces, they were later scattered after the subsequent sales of Böhler.[37][38]
- ^ According to art historian Otto Benesch, Rembrandt created an unfinished and loosely-conceived series of the apostles, evangelists, Mary, and Jesus during 1661, of which seven were identified.[59] However, F. Grossman of The Burlington Magazine wrote that it was "rather doubtful whether these paintings were conceived as a complete set".[60]
References
- ^ Scholz-Hänsel, Michael; Greco (2004). El Greco: Domenikos Theotokopoulos, 1541-1614. Taschen. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-8228-3171-7.
- ^ a b Pérez, Frank (2016-03-03). "Mission San Juan Bautista's Apostolado: A Historically Significant Artwork". BenitoLink. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "A Saint Bartholomew for Velazquez's Apostolado | Gazette Drouot". gazette-drouot.com. 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b Ponce, Museo de Arte de (2012). Del Greco a Goya: obras maestras del Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Museo de Arte de Ponce. p. 114.
- ^ a b Hardwick, Michael R. (2015-05-11). La Purisíma Concepción: The Enduring History of a California Mission. Arcadia Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-62585-523-7.
- ^ a b c Urbach, Susan (1983). "Preliminary Remarks on the Sources of the Apostle Series of Rubens and van Dyck". RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review. 10 (1): 5–22. doi:10.7202/1074636ar. ISSN 0315-9906.
- ^ a b Bailey, Martin (1995). Dürer. Internet Archive. London : Phaidon Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7148-3334-7.
- ^ Banner, LisaA (2017-07-05). "The Religious Patronage of the Duke of Lerma, 1598?621 ". Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-351-54109-1.
- ^ Long, Rebecca J. (2020-03-17). El Greco: Ambition and Defiance. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-25082-4.
- ^ Baticle, Jeannine; Zurbarán, Francisco de; Bottineau, Yves (1987). Zurbarán: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Sept. 22 - Dec. 13, 1987 ; Galeries Nationales Du Grand Palais, Paris, Jan. 14 - April 11, 1988. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-87099-502-6.
- ^ Szpila, Kathleen H. (1991). Ruben's Apostolado Lerma : continuity and innovation in a northern tradition.
- ^ Lammertse, Friso (2002). "Van Dyck's Apostles Series, Hendrick Uylenburgh and Sigismund III". The Burlington Magazine. 144 (1188): 140–146. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 889357.
- ^ Artist, Anonymous; Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, Saint Peter, retrieved 2024-05-19
- ^ "Catholic Counter-Reformation Art". www.visual-arts-cork.com. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Apostle | Definition, Bible, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ Marina, Marko (2023-11-28). "The 12 Apostles: Listing the Names of the Apostles of Jesus". Bart D. Ehrman - New Testament Scholar, Speaker, and Consultant. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2016-08-19). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4422-6467-0.
- ^ Greco; Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso E. (2002). El Greco: apostolados. Fundación "Pedro Barrié de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa". A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa. p. 115. ISBN 978-84-95892-00-3.
- ^ Gudiol, José (1982). Doménikos Theotokópoulos : El Greco, 1541-1614. Internet Archive. Barcelona : Ediciones Polígrafa. p. 360. ISBN 978-84-343-0031-6.
- ^ "The Apostle St. Andrew | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "El Greco: 400 Years After: The Apostolate of the Museo del Greco in Toledo: One of El Greco's Greatest Series, Part 5". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Simón". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Tomás". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Pablo". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Felipe". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Santiago Menor". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Pedro". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Salvador". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Judas". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Juan". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Santiago Mayor". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Mateo". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Andrés". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Bartolomé". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "De Heilige Andréas". scholar.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b Klip, Ronald. "Rubens' Apostles Series | ArtBible art topics". www.artbible.info. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ a b "Anthony van Dyck". Rubenshuis.be. Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ a b Du Bourg, Alexis; Besta, Rafaella (2024-05-19). "Reflections on the history of Van Dyck's "Böhler Apostles"" (PDF). Jordaens van Dyck Journal (2): 84–89.
- ^ "» Paul". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "» Panels, Palazzos and Discoveries in Italy". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "De apostel Mattheüs | Erfgoed KBS". www.erfgoed-kbs.be. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Apostle Simon, 1619/21". www.khm.at. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Apostle Philippus, 1619/21". www.khm.at. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Jude (Judas Thaddeus)". JVDPPP. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "» Andrew". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "» John the Evangelist". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ Alan McNairn (1980). The Young van Dyck. Internet Archive. National Gallery of Canada; National Muséums of Canada.
- ^ "Saint Matthias | Yale University Art Gallery". artgallery.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Felipe". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Pedro". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Pablo". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Andrés". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "Santiago el Mayor". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "El Salvador". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "Santiago el Menor". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Bartolome". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Judas Tadeo". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "San Simón". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ a b Wheelock, Arthur K. (2005). Rembrandt's late religious portraits. Internet Archive. Washington, [D.C.] : National Gallery of Art in association with the University of Chicago Press. pp. 16–37. ISBN 978-0-226-89443-0.
- ^ Grossmann, F. (1950). "The Rembrandt Exhibition at Schaffhausen". The Burlington Magazine. 92 (562): 8–12. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 870400.
- ^ Meijer, William L. "ArtWay.eu". artway.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "Impact: Rembrandt". thirdmill.org. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn: De apostel Jacobus de Oudere". www.statenvertaling.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ "Bijna 20 miljoen euro voor laat werk van Rembrandt". Trouw (in Dutch). 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
- ^ Schwartz, Gary (1988-09-01). "Connoisseurship: the penalty of ahistoricism". International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship. 7 (3): 261–268. doi:10.1016/0260-4779(88)90032-5. ISSN 0260-4779.
Valentiner considered it [the painting of Christ] the 'center figure' of a supposed series of four three-quarter-length evangelists, including the Louvre St. Matthew.
This page was last edited on 13 June 2024, at 07:14