Hypomania Checklist

Hypomania Checklist
Purpose	Identify hypomanic features in individuals with major depressive disorder

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The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) is a questionnaire developed by Dr. Jules Angst to identify hypomanic features in patients with major depressive disorder in order to help recognize bipolar II disorder and other bipolar spectrum disorders^[1] when people seek help in primary care and other general medical settings. It asks about 32 behaviors and mental states that are either aspects of hypomania or features associated with mood disorders. It uses short phrases and simple language, making it easy to read. The University of Zurich holds the copyright, and the HCL-32 is available for use at no charge. More recent work has focused on validating translations and testing whether shorter versions still perform well enough to be helpful clinically.^[2] Recent meta-analyses find that it is one of the most accurate assessments available for detecting hypomania, doing better than other options at recognizing bipolar II disorder.^[3]^[4]

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Development and history

The Hypomania Checklist was built as a more efficient screening measure for hypomania, to be used both in epidemiological research and in clinical use. Existing measures for bipolar disorder focused on identifying personality factors and symptom severity instead of the episodic nature of hypomania or the possible negative consequences in behavioral, affective, or cognitive changes associated.^[5] These measures were mostly used in non-clinical populations to identify individuals at risk and were not used as screening instruments. The HCL-32 is a measure intended to have high sensitivity to direct clinicians from many countries to diagnosing individuals in a clinical population with bipolar disorder, specifically bipolar II disorder.^{[citation needed]}

Initially developed by Jules Angst and Thomas Meyer in German, the questionnaire was translated into English and translated back to German to ensure accuracy. The English version of the HCL has been used as the basis for translation in other languages through the same process. The original study that used the HCL in an Italian and a Swiss sample noted the measure's high sensitivity and a lower sensitivity than other used measures.^{[citation needed]}

The scale includes a checklist of 32 possible symptoms of hypomania, each rated yes or no. The rating "yes" would mean the symptom is present or this trait is "typical of me," and "no" would mean that the symptom is not present or "not typical" for the person.^[5]

Limitations

The HCL suffers from the same problems as other self-report inventories, in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can influence the final score. If a patient is asked to fill out the form in front of other people in a clinical environment, for instance, social expectations may elicit a different response compared to administration via a postal survey.^[1]

Similar reliability scores were found when only using 16 item assessments versus the traditional 32-item format of the HCL-32^{[citation needed]}. A score of at least 8 items was found valid and reliable for distinguishing Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder^{[citation needed]}. In a study, 73% of patients who completed the HCL-32 R1 were true bipolar cases identified as potential bipolar cases. However, the HCL-32 R1 does not accurately differentiate between Bipolar I and Bipolar II.^[6] However, the 16-item HCL has not been tested as a standalone section in a hospital setting. In addition, while the HCL-32 is a sensitive instrument for hypomanic symptoms, it does not distinguish between bipolar I and bipolar-II disorders^{[citation needed]}. The HCL-32 has not been compared with other commonly used screening tools for bipolar disorder, such as the Young Mania Rating Scale and the General Behavior Inventory. The online version of the HCL has been shown to be as reliable as the paper version.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Bowling A (2005). "Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality". Journal of Public Health. 27 (3): 281–91. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdi031. PMID 15870099.
^ Forty L, Kelly M, Jones L, Jones I, Barnes E, Caesar S, Fraser C, Gordon-Smith K, Griffiths E, Craddock N, Smith DJ (2010). "Reducing the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) to a 16-item version". Journal of Affective Disorders. 124 (3): 351–6. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.004. PMID 20129673.
^ Carvalho, André F.; Takwoingi, Yemisi; Sales, Paulo Marcelo G.; Soczynska, Joanna K.; Köhler, Cristiano A.; Freitas, Thiago H.; Quevedo, João; Hyphantis, Thomas N.; McIntyre, Roger S. (2015-02-01). "Screening for bipolar spectrum disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis of accuracy studies". Journal of Affective Disorders. 172: 337–346. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.024. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 25451435. S2CID 44868545.
^ Takwoingi, Yemisi; Riley, Richard D.; Deeks, Jonathan J. (2015-11-01). "Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies in mental health". Evidence-Based Mental Health. 18 (4): 103–109. doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102228. ISSN 1468-960X. PMC 4680179. PMID 26446042.
^ ^a ^b Angst J, Adolfsson R, Benazzi F, Gamma A, Hantouche E, Meyer TD, Skeppar P, Vieta E, Scott J (2005). "The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients". Journal of Affective Disorders. 88 (2): 217–33. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.011. PMID 16125784.
^ ^a ^b Angst (June 2007). "Hypomania Check List (HCL-32 R1) Manual" (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2015.

External links

Wikiversity has learning resources about Hypomania Checklist

Official Manual and Question Breakdown

Mental disorders (Classification)

Adult personality and behavior

Sexual	Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder
Other	Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Gender dysphoria Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder

Childhood and learning

Emotional and behavioral	ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Cluttering Stuttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome
Intellectual disability	X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Psychological development (developmental disabilities)	Pervasive Specific

Mood (affective)
Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania

Neurological and symptomatic

Autism spectrum	Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome
Dementia	AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering
Other	Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome

Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform

Adjustment

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood

Anxiety

Phobia	Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia
Other	Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress disorder PTSD

Dissociative

Somatic symptom

Physiological and physical behavior

Eating

Nonorganic sleep

Postnatal

Sexual dysfunction

Arousal	Erectile dysfunction Female sexual arousal disorder
Desire	Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Orgasm	Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia Spontaneous orgasm
Pain	Nonorganic dyspareunia Nonorganic vaginismus

Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related
Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional

Delusional	Delusional disorder Folie à deux
Psychosis and schizophrenia-like	Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder
Schizophrenia	Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia
Other	Catatonia

Symptoms and uncategorized
Impulse-control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy

This page was last edited on 18 August 2023, at 08:49

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