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Researchers observe brain development in utero
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Transcription
Conception
| Day | Event | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 33 | posterior commissure appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 33 | medial forebrain bundle appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 44 | mammillothalamic tract appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 44 | stria medullaris thalami appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 51 | axons in optic stalk | Dunlop et al. (1997)[3] |
| 56 | external capsule appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 56 | stria terminalis appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 60 | optic axons invade visual centers | Dunlop et al. (1997)[3] |
| 63 | internal capsule appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 63 | fornix appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 70 | anterior commissure appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 77 | hippocampal commissure appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 87.5 | corpus callosum appears | Ashwell et al. (1996)[2] |
| 157.5 | eye opening | Clancy et al. (2007)[4] |
| 175 | ipsi/contra segregation in LGN and SC | Robinson & Dreher (1990)[5] |
Studies report that three primary structures are formed in the sixth gestational week. These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon respectively. Five secondary structures originate from these in the seventh gestational week. These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon; the lateral ventricles, third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle in adulthood originated from these structures.[6] The appearance of cortical folds first takes place during 24 and 32 weeks of gestation.[7]
Childhood and adolescence
Cortical white matter increases from childhood (~9 years) to adolescence (~14 years), most notably in the frontal and parietal cortices.[8] Cortical grey matter development peaks at ~12 years of age in the frontal and parietal cortices, and 14–16 years in the temporal lobes (with the superior temporal cortex being last to mature), peaking at about roughly the same age in both sexes according to reliable data. In terms of grey matter loss, the sensory and motor regions mature first, followed by other cortical regions.[8] Though it is a controversial psychometric, adult IQ also begins to be tested around this age range, with the Raven's Progressive Matrices test beginning at age 14 and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test beginning at age 16, though scores between 14 and 16 on the Weschler test have differences so small that they are considered unreliable. This may bring into question the effectiveness of brain development studies in treating and successfully rehabilitating criminal youth.[9]
In the 2010s and beyond, it was often claimed—even in medical literature—that major development in the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex, continues until around age 25[10] and sometimes even up to 30[11] years of age. However, although neuroscientists agree that the human brain does continue to develop throughout life, and that major changes in the brain are usually completed in the mid-to-late 20s, there is no consensus for any particular age such as 25 being a significant cutoff.[12]
See also
- Brain development timelines
- Development of the nervous system in humans
- Evolution of the brain
- Practopoiesis
References
- ^ Tau, G. Z.; Peterson, B. S. (2010). "Normal Development of Brain Circuits". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (1): 147–168. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.115. PMC 3055433. PMID 19794405.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ashwell, K. W.; Waite, P. M.; Marotte, L (1996). "Ontogeny of the projection tracts and commissural fibres in the forebrain of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii): timing in comparison with other mammals". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 47 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1159/000113225. PMID 8834781.
- ^ a b Dunlop, S. A.; Tee, L. B.; Lund, R. D.; Beazley, L. D. (1997). "Development of primary visual projections occurs entirely postnatally in the fat-tailed dunnart, a marsupial mouse, Sminthopsis crassicaudata". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 384 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970721)384:1<26::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 9214538. S2CID 38381685.
- ^ Clancy, B; Kersh, B; Hyde, J; Darlington, R. B.; Anand, K. J.; Finlay, B. L. (2007). "Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans". Neuroinformatics. 5 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1385/ni:5:1:79. PMID 17426354. S2CID 1806001.
- ^ Robinson, S. R.; Dreher, B (1990). "The visual pathways of eutherian mammals and marsupials develop according to a common timetable". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 36 (4): 177–195. doi:10.1159/000115306. PMID 2279233.
- ^ Kim MS, Jeanty P, Turner C, Benoit B (January 2008). "Three-dimensional sonographic evaluations of embryonic brain development". J Ultrasound Med. 27 (1): 119–24. doi:10.7863/jum.2008.27.1.119. PMID 18096737.
- ^ Budday, Silvia; Raybaud, Charles; Kuhl, Ellen (2014-01-01). "A mechanical model predicts morphological abnormalities in the developing human brain". Scientific Reports. 4: 5644. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E5644B. doi:10.1038/srep05644. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4090617. PMID 25008163.
- ^ a b Blakemore, S.J. (June 2012). "Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain". NeuroImage. 61 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080. PMID 22178817. S2CID 207182527.
- ^ Icenogle, G.; Steinberg, L.; Duell, N.; Chein, J.; Chang, L.; Chaudhary, N.; Di Giunta, L.; Dodge, K. A.; Fanti, K. A.; Lansford, J. E.; Oburu, P.; Pastorelli, C.; Skinner, A. T.; Sorbring, E.; Tapanya, S.; Tirado, L. M.; Alampay, L. P.; Al-Hassan, S. M.; Takash, H. M.; Bacchini, D. (2019). "Adolescents' Cognitive Capacity Reaches Adult Levels Prior to Their Psychosocial Maturity: Evidence for a "Maturity Gap" in a Multinational, Cross-Sectional Sample". Law and Human Behavior. 43 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1037/lhb0000315. PMC 6551607. PMID 30762417.
- ^ Arain M, Haque M, Johal L, Mathur P, Nel W, Rais A, Sandhu R, Sharma S (2013). "Maturation of the adolescent brain". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 9: 449–61. doi:10.2147/NDT.S39776. PMC 3621648. PMID 23579318. – in this paper, the age 25 statement is attributed to another paper which actually makes no claims whatsoever about brain development.
- ^ Shafee, R.; Buckner, R. L.; Fischl, B. (2014). "Gray matter myelination of 1555 human brains using partial volume corrected MRI images". NeuroImage. 105: 473–485. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.054. PMC 4262571. PMID 25449739.
- ^ Hu, Jane C. (2022-11-28). "A Powerful Idea About Our Brains Stormed Pop Culture and Captured Minds. It's Mostly Bunk". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
External links
- Translating Time — a website providing translation of brain developmental times among different species
This page was last edited on 2 June 2024, at 22:55