High performance sport or elite sport is sport at the highest level of competition. In sports administration, "high-performance sport", where the emphasis is on winning prestigious competitions, is distinguished from "mass sport" or "recreational sport", where the emphasis is on attracting the maximum number of participants. In team sports, the concept of high performance involves also team performance strategy and assessment.[1]
High-performance sport overlaps with the upper tiers of professional sport; within the realm of professional sport, the elite tiers of the sport are known, particularly in North America, as major leagues. On the other hand, elite competitors at the Olympic Games or World Games in some minority sports may be part-time or rely on government grants. Likewise, student athletes, especially in college sports, are often high performance despite being nominally amateurs.
Much research in sports psychology and sports medicine is motivated by the needs of elite rather than mass athletes. Doping in sport is more common at elite levels, and research into performance-enhancing substances has been fuelled by the drive for success, this despite the practice being firmly illegal at almost all levels of play.
Separate state agencies may be responsible for high-performance sport and for mass sport; national governing bodies for a particular sport often have separate administrative units for supporting élite athletes and the funding of athletes likely to win Olympic medals. In public policy, funding for high-performance sport may be justified for reasons of national prestige or as a marketing tool for encouraging mass sport. Eastern Bloc countries invested in elite sport during the Cold War for propaganda purposes; some Western countries began establishing Institutes of Sport from the 1980s, with sports academies for nurturing promising young athletes.
See also
- Category:Sports academies
- Category:National Institutes of Sport
- Professional sports
- Semi-professional sports
- Professional sports leagues in the United States
References
- ^ Bouthier, Daniel; Godbout, Paul; Gréhaigne, Jean-Francis (1997). "Performance Assessment in Team Sports". Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 16 (4): 500–516. doi:10.1123/jtpe.16.4.500. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- Beamish, Rob; Ritchie, Ian (2006-09-27). Fastest, Highest, Strongest: A Critique of High-Performance Sport. Routledge. ISBN 9781135987084. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
- Bergsgard, Nils Asle; Houlihan, Barrie; Mangset, Per; Svein Ingve, Nødland; Hilmar, Rommetvedt (2009-11-04). "High performance sport". Sport Policy. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 152–199. ISBN 9781136364686. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
- Green, Mick (2004). "Changing policy priorities for sport in England: the emergence of elite sport development as a key policy concern". Leisure Studies. 23 (4): 365–385. doi:10.1080/0261436042000231646. ISSN 0261-4367. S2CID 145048046.
- Grix, Jonathan; Carmichael, Fiona (2012). "Why do governments invest in elite sport? A polemic". International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 4 (1): 73–90. doi:10.1080/19406940.2011.627358. ISSN 1940-6940. S2CID 153350698.
- Hanstad, Dag Vidar; Skille, Eivind Å. (2010-03-31). "Does elite sport develop mass sport? : a Norwegian case study" (PDF). Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum (1). Malmö University: 51–68. hdl:11250/170845. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-08. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
- Pringle, Richard (2001). "Examining the Justifications for Government Investment in High Performance Sport: A Critical Review Essay". Annals of Leisure Research. 4 (1): 58–75. doi:10.1080/11745398.2001.10600891. ISSN 1174-5398. S2CID 154411069.
- Sotiriadou, Popi; Bosscher, Veerle De (2013). Managing High Performance Sport. Routledge. ISBN 9780415671958. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
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