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At the national level, Argentina elects a head of state (the President) and a legislature. The franchise extends to all citizens aged 16 and over, and voting is mandatory (with a few exceptions) for all those who are between 18 and 70 years of age.
The President and the Vice President are elected in one ballot, for a four-year term, by direct popular vote, using a runoff voting system: a second vote is held if no party wins more than 45% of the votes, or more than 40% with also at least 10 percentage points more than the runner-up. Before the 1995 election, the president and vice-president were both elected by an electoral college.
The National Congress (Congreso de la Nación) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies of the Nation (Cámara de Diputados de la Nación) has 257 members, elected for a four-year term in each electoral district (23 Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) by proportional representation using the D'Hondt method, with half of the seats renewed every two years in all districts. The Senate of the Nation (Senado de la Nación) has 72 members, elected for a six-year term in three-seat constituencies (23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) for a six-year term, with two seats awarded to the largest party or coalition and one seat to the second largest party or coalition. One-third of the constituencies are renewed every two years. In 2001 the whole senate was renewed. A gender parity law, adopted in 2017, mandates that party lists must alternate between male and female candidates.
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Transcription
Have you ever wondered who has the authority to make laws or punish people who break them? When we think of power in the United States, we usually think of the President, but he does not act alone. In fact, he is only one piece of the power puzzle and for very good reason. When the American Revolution ended in 1783, the United States government was in a state of change. The founding fathers knew that they did not want to establish another country that was ruled by a king, so the discussions were centered on having a strong and fair national government that protected individual freedoms and did not abuse its power. When the new constitution was adopted in 1787, the structure of the infant government of the United States called for three separate branches, each with their own powers, and a system of checks and balances. This would ensure that no one branch would ever become too powerful because the other branches would always be able to check the power of the other two. These branches work together to run the country and set guidelines for us all to live by. The legislative branch is described in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. Many people feel that the founding fathers put this branch in the document first because they thought it was the most important. The legislative branch is comprised of 100 U.S. Senators and 435 members in the U.S. House of Representatives. This is better known as the U.S. Congress. Making laws is the primary function of the legislative branch, but it is also responsible for approving federal judges and justices, passing the national budget, and declaring war. Each state gets two Senators and some number of Representatives, depending on how many people live in that state. The executive branch is described in Article 2 of the Constitution. The leaders of this branch of government are the President and Vice President, who are responsible for enforcing the laws that Congress sets forth. The President works closely with a group of advisors, known as the Cabinet. These appointed helpers assist the President in making important decisions within their area of expertise, such as defense, the treasury, and homeland security. The executive branch also appoints government officials, commands the armed forces, and meets with leaders of other nations. All that combined is a lot of work for a lot of people. In fact, the executive branch employs over 4 million people to get everything done. The third brand of the U.S. government is the judicial branch and is detailed in Article 3. This branch is comprised of all the courts in the land, from the federal district courts to the U.S. Supreme Court. These courts interpret our nation's laws and punish those who break them. The highest court, the Supreme Court, settles disputes among states, hears appeals from state and federal courts, and determines if federal laws are constitutional. There are nine justices on the Supreme Court, and, unlike any other job in our government, Supreme Court justices are appointed for life, or for as long as they want to stay. Our democracy depends on an informed citizenry, so it is our duty to know how it works and what authority each branch of government has over its citizens. Besides voting, chances are that some time in your life you'll be called upon to participate in your government, whether it is to serve on a jury, testify in court, or petition your Congress person to pass or defeat an idea for a law. By knowning the branches, who runs them, and how they work together, you can be involved, informed, and intelligent.
History
Universal, secret and compulsory voting for male Argentine citizens, either natural-born or naturalized, was guaranteed by the 1912 Sáenz Peña Law, named after President Roque Sáenz Peña. The first free elections under the Sáenz Peña regime were held in 1916.[1] Women did not have the right to vote in Argentina until 1947, when Law 13.010 ("on political rights for women") was sanctioned during the government of Juan Domingo Perón.[2] Women first voted in a national election in 1951.
Throughout the 20th century, voting was suppressed by Argentina's numerous dictatorial regimes.[3] The dictatorships of José Félix Uriburu (1930–1932) and the so-called Revolución Libertadora and Revolución Argentina, as well as the last military dictatorship (1976–1983), all suppressed voting altogether. In addition, electoral fraud was widespread under the successive governments of the so-called Infamous Decade.[4] Since the return of democracy in 1983, Argentine elections have been generally deemed as free, fair and transparent,[5] and participation levels remain high, with an average of 70.24% as of 2019.[6]
In 2012, Law 26.774 ("on Argentine Citizenship") lowered the legal voting age for Argentine citizens from 18 to 16, making Argentina one of twelve countries in the world to do so.[7]
Eligibility to vote
The right to vote is mandated in Article 37 of the Constitution of Argentina, and further detailed in the National Electoral Code.[8] In the national order, entitlement to vote is based on citizenship. Natural-born Argentine citizens and citizens by descent aged 16 or older have the right to vote, while naturalized citizens may vote from the age of 18 (see Argentine nationality law). Non-citizen permanent residents do not have the right to vote for national offices, but may be allowed to vote for local office as established by provincial law. The right to vote is not extended to:
- the mentally unfit (as demonstrated in trial),
- those who have been convicted of crimes with intent,
- those who have been convicted of illegal gambling (for three years only, and for six years in cases of recidivism),
- those who have been sanctioned for qualified desertion,
- those who have been declared to be rebels in a criminal cause, until the cessation of said rebellion, or until prescription,
- those who are limited by the dispositions on the Organic Law on Political Parties,
- those who have otherwise been declared unable to exercise their political rights.
All Argentine citizens are automatically registered to vote in the national electoral roll, which is updated on a bi-yearly basis ahead of every scheduled election.[9] From the ages of 18 to 70, voting is compulsory. Eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 70 may by exempt from voting if they are:
- sitting judges and their auxiliaries who must remain in their offices for the duration of the electoral act,
- over 500 kilometers away from their designated voting place, and can justify that distance with reason through a certificate written by their closest police authority,
- ill or otherwise unable, with sufficient proof, as demonstrated by a doctor in the national, provincial, or municipal health services, or by private doctors if all the aforementioned are not available.
Argentine citizens living abroad may vote in embassies and consulates of Argentina.[10]
Provincial elections
Provincial law and constitutions, controlled by provincial legislatures regulate elections at the provincial level and local level. Since the separation of powers applies to provinces as well as the federal government, provincial legislatures and the executive (the governor) are elected separately. Governors are elected in all provinces.
All members of provincial legislatures and territorial jurisdiction legislature are elected.
As a matter of convenience and cost-saving, elections for many of these provincial and local offices are held at the same time as the federal presidential elections. There is a handful of provinces, however, that instead hold their elections separately.
Schedule
Election
| Position | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Open Primaries[note 1] (August) Presidential (October) National Senate (October) Chamber of Deputies (October) Provincial (March–October) Municipalities (March–October) |
Municipalities (no data) |
Open Primaries (August) National Senate (October) Chamber of Deputies (October) Provincial (TBA) Municipalities (TBA) |
Municipalities (no data) |
Open Primaries (August) Presidential (October) National Senate (October) Chamber of Deputies (October) Provincial (March–October) Municipalities (March–October) |
| President and Vice-president |
President and Vice-president | None | President and Vice-president | ||
| National Senate | Third[note 2] | None | Third[note 3] | None | Third[note 4] |
| Chamber of Deputies | Half[note 5] | None | Half | None | Half |
| Provincial (Governors and Legislatures) |
22 Provinces (G)[note 6] 23 Provinces (L)[note 7] |
None | 2 Provinces (G)[note 8] 13 Provinces (L)[note 9] |
None | 22 Provinces (G)[note 10] 23 Provinces (L)[note 11] |
| Municipalities (Mayors and Councils) |
no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
Inauguration
| Position | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential (December) National Senate Chamber of Deputies Provincial Municipalities |
Municipalities | National Senate Chamber of Deputies Provincial Municipalities |
Municipalities | Presidential National Senate Chamber of Deputies Provincial Municipalities |
| President and Vice-president |
10 December | None | 10 December | ||
| National Senate | 10 December | None | 10 December | None | 10 December |
| Chamber of Deputies | 10 December | None | 10 December | None | 10 December |
| Provinces (Governors and Legislatures) | December | None | December | None | December |
| Municipalities (Mayors and Councils) | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
Latest elections
The ruling "Union for the Homeland" coalition lost to the "La Libertad Avanza" alliance in the second round presidential elections by 55.69% vs 44.31%.[11]
See also
Notes
- ^ Simultaneous open primaries for all national candidatures, mandatory for every political party
- ^ The following eight provinces renew all its three senators: Buenos Aires Province, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz
- ^ The following eight provinces renew all its three senators:Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tierra del Fuego
- ^ The following eight provinces renew all its three senators: Catamarca, Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Pampa, Mendoza, Santa Fe and Tucumán
- ^ All 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires renew half its deputies
- ^ All Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires except for Corrientes and Santiago del Estero
- ^ All Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires except for Santiago del Estero
- ^ Corrientes and Santiago del Estero
- ^ Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Catamarca, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Luis and Santiago del Estero
- ^ All Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires except for Corrientes and Santiago del Estero
- ^ All Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires except for Santiago del Estero
References
- ^ "La Ley Sáenz Peña y la frágil transición hacia la Argentina democrática". CONICET (in Spanish). 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ Barrancos, Dora (2014). "Participación política y luchas por el sufragio femenino en Argentina (1900-1947)" (PDF). Cuadernos Intercambio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe (in Spanish). 11 (11): 15–27. ISSN 1659-4940.
- ^ Pigna, Felipe (27 October 2019). "Todo lo que nos costó a los argentinos votar libremente". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "La "década infame" y el "fraude patriótico"". educ.ar (in Spanish). 16 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Argentina: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Argentine Republic". IFES Election Guide (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ Torre, Iván (March 2016). "Espíritu adolescente: El voto joven en Argentina". CIPPEC (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Ley simple: Voto". argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ Grosz, Martín (7 May 2021). "Dónde voto: consultá el padrón electoral provisorio para las Elecciones 2021". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Los argentinos residentes en el exterior ya no podrán votar por correo postal". Perfil (in Spanish). 23 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Argentina Presidential Election Live Results 2023". Bloomberg.com. 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
External links
- National Electoral Code (in Spanish)
- Election Atlas of Argentina from 1983
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- Argentina Elections 2007[permanent dead link]
- Argentina Elections 101
| Presidential elections | |
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| Chamber of Deputies elections |
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| Senate elections | |
| Provincial elections |
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| Constituent Assemblies | |
| Referendums | |
This page was last edited on 22 January 2024, at 02:33