Egypt–European Union relations

European Union–Egypt relations



European Union	Egypt

Egypt–European Union relations are the foreign relations between the country of Egypt and the European Union.^[1]

Under the aegis of the Global Mediterranean Policy (GMP) launched in 1972, an agreement between the European Economic Community and Egypt was signed in January 1977.^[2] The framework laid out by the 1995 Euro-Mediterranean Partnership paved the way for some modest advances in the EU–Egypt relations,^[3] leading to a new association agreement signed on 25 June 2001 in the context of the Barcelona process, that entered into force in June 2004.^[4] An EU–Egypt Action Plan also entered into force in 2007.^[3]

The outbreak of the Arab Spring defied the traditional stability-driven policy conducted by the EU in the region, conveyed by the support to authoritarian rulers in office, including Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, eventually leading to a reassessment of the EU foreign policy in the region.^[5]

Both sides share a common membership in the Union for the Mediterranean.

In 2023, the European Commission and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi negotiated the creation of a "strategic partnership" between the EU and Egypt.^[6]^[7]^[8]

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Chronology of relations with the EU

Timeline
Date	Event
25 June 2001	The EU and Egypt sign an Association Agreement^[9]
June 2004	The Association Agreement enters into force^[9]
March 2007	The European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan is adopted^[9]
2016	The EU and Egypt initiated a dialogue on future Partnership Priorities in line with the revised European Neighbourhood Policy^[9]

References

Citations

^ Although there has been a large degree of integration between European Union member states, foreign relations is still a largely intergovernmental matter, with the 28 members controlling their own relations to a large degree.^{[citation needed]} However, with the Union holding more weight as a single bloc, there are at times^[vague] attempts to speak with one voice, notably on trade and energy matters. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy personifies this role.
^ Zank 2010, p. 149.
^ ^a ^b Bordón 2019, p. 330.
^ Zank 2010, p. 152.
^ Abdel Ghafar & Jacobs 2019, pp. 1–2.
^ "EU: Egypt Support Risks Complicity in Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 19 December 2023.
^ "How the EU Supports Authoritarianism in Egypt". Carnegie Europe. 12 December 2023.
^ "EU Commission aims to sign strategic partnership with Egypt by February". Eunews. 23 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "KEY MILESTONES EGYPT" (PDF). European Commission. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2020.

Bibliography

Abdel Ghafar, Adel; Jacobs, Anna (2019). "EU–North Africa Relations in an Age of Turbulence". In Abdel Ghafar, Adel (ed.). The European Union and North Africa: Prospects and Challenges. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815736967.
Bordón, Javier (2019). "The European Union and the Egyptian Neighbour: assessing the characterization of resilience as an external action priority" (PDF). Paix et Sécurité Internationales. Paix et sécurité internationales: Journal of International Law and International Relations (7): 323–348. ISSN 2341-0868.
Zank, Wolfang (2010). "Cooperation or Silent Rivalry? The EU and the USA in the Mediterranean – The Case of Egypt" (PDF). Perspectives on Federalism. 2 (3). ISSN 2036-5438.

Foreign relations of the European Union

Bilateral relations

See also: Economic relationships with third countries
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Multilateral relations and initiatives

Organisations

Initiatives

Administration and policies

Foreign and Security Policy	Global Strategy Neighbourhood Policy Enlargement Security and Defence Policy
Administration	Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development External Action Service Foreign Affairs Council High Representative Josep Borrell Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee Foreign Policy Instruments Service Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU Special Representatives
Funding	Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Global Europe

Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Leadership

Structure

External Action Service	Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell) Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Security & Defence College
Agencies	Defence Agency Institute for Security Studies Satellite Centre
Council preparatory bodies	Committee of Permanent Representatives Political and Security Committee Politico-Military Group Military Committee Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
European Commission bodies	Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
Funding	Defence Fund