The comparative case (abbreviated COMP) is a grammatical case which marks a nominal as "comparative" in some sense. The term comparative case can designate a case marker which performs the role of marking likeness of a noun to something else, and it can also refer to a discrete grammatical case which marks the noun serving as the standard of comparison in a comparative construction. It is distinct from the term comparative degree, in that comparative case is a morpheme appearing on nouns while comparative degree morphemes appear on adjectives or adverbs.
An example of a comparative case which designates similarity to something is found in Mari, where the comparative case is the suffix -la (-ла) as in (1):[1]
колла
kol-la
fish-COMP
'like fish'
Mari also uses the comparative case in regards to languages, when denoting the language a person is speaking, writing, or hearing. Then, however, the accentuation varies slightly from the standard case. Usually, the suffix is not stressed. When it is used with languages, however, it is stressed.[clarification needed]
An example of the comparative case marking the noun serving as the standard of comparison comes from the Chechen suffix -l.[citation needed] For example, in (2) it appears on sha 'ice' in shal shiila 'cold as ice':
sha-l
ice-COMP
shiila
cold
'as cold as ice'
Similarly, in the Turkic language Sakha (Yakut), the noun serving as the standard of comparison can be marked with the comparative case suffix -TĀGAr as in (3):[2]
бу
Bu
DEM
ыт
ït
dog
аттааҕар
at-taaɣar
horse-COMP
түргэнник
türgennik
quickly
сүүрэр
süür-er
run-PRES
'This dog runs faster than a horse'
Nivkh is another language with this comparative case suffix (-yk/-ak), as in (4):
This latter sense of comparative case is similar to locational comparatives,[4] where a locational case such as the ablative marks the noun in a standard of comparison, found in Turkic languages like (5) from Uzbek:
ɔt-am
father-POSS.1SG
u
that
ɔdam-dan
man-ABL
yɔš
young
'My father is younger than that man'
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Transcription
See also
- Semblative case
- Formal case
- Equative case
References
- ^ Зорина, З. Г.; Крылова, Г. С.; Якимова, Э. С. (1990). арийский язык для всех, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство.
- ^ Krueger 1962, p. 89.
- ^ Gruzdeva 1998, p. 19.
- ^ Stassen 2013.
Bibliography
- Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
- Gruzdeva, Ekaterina (1998). Nivkh. München: Lincom Europa.
- Stassen, Leon (2013). "Comparative Constructions". In Dryer, Matthew; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- Зорина, З. Г., Г. С. Крылова, and Э. С. Якимова. Марийский язык для всех, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство, 1990;
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This page was last edited on 1 April 2024, at 19:23