Bismuth-209

Bismuth-209, ²⁰⁹Bi
General
Symbol	²⁰⁹Bi
Names	bismuth-209, 209Bi, Bi-209
Protons (Z)	83
Neutrons (N)	126
Nuclide data
Natural abundance	100%
Half-life (t_1/2)	2.01×10¹⁹ years^[1]
Isotope mass	208.9803986 Da
Spin	9/2−
Excess energy	−18258.461±2.4 keV
Binding energy	7847.987±1.7 keV
Parent isotopes	²⁰⁹Pb (β⁻) ²⁰⁹Po (β⁺) ²¹³At (α)
Decay products	²⁰⁵Tl
Decay modes
Decay mode	Decay energy (MeV)
Alpha emission	3.1373
Isotopes of bismuth Complete table of nuclides

Bismuth-209 (²⁰⁹Bi) is an isotope of bismuth, with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay). It has 83 protons and a magic number^[2] of 126 neutrons,^[2] and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 amu (atomic mass units). Primordial bismuth consists entirely of this isotope.

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Decay properties

Bismuth-209 was long thought to have the heaviest stable nucleus of any element, but in 2003, a research team at the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France, discovered that ²⁰⁹Bi undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of ≈19 exayears (1.9×10¹⁹, or 19 quintillion years),^[3]^[4] over 10⁹ times longer than the estimated age of the universe.^[5] The heaviest nucleus considered to be stable is now lead-208 and the heaviest stable monoisotopic element is gold (gold-197).

Theory had previously predicted a half-life of 4.6×10¹⁹ years. It had been suspected to be radioactive for a long time.^[6] The decay produces a 3.14 MeV alpha particle plus thallium-205.^[3]^[4]

Bismuth-209 forms ²⁰⁵Tl:

²⁰⁹
₈₃Bi
→ ²⁰⁵
₈₁Tl
+ ⁴
₂He
^[7]

If perturbed, it would join in lead-bismuth neutron capture cycle from lead-206/207/208 to bismuth-209, despite low capture cross sections. Even thallium-205, the decay product of bismuth-209, reverts to lead when fully ionized.^[8]

Due to its hugely long half-life, for nearly all applications ²⁰⁹Bi can be treated as non-radioactive. It is much less radioactive than human flesh, so it poses no real radiation hazard. Though ²⁰⁹Bi holds the half-life record for alpha decay, it does not have the longest known half-life of any nuclide; this distinction belongs to tellurium-128 (¹²⁸Te) with a half-life estimated at 7.7 × 10²⁴ years by double β-decay (double beta decay).^[9]^[10]^[11]

The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi was confirmed in 2012 by an Italian team in Gran Sasso who reported (2.01±0.08)×10¹⁹ years. They also reported an even longer half-life for alpha decay of ²⁰⁹Bi to the first excited state of ²⁰⁵Tl (at 204 keV), was estimated at 1.66×10²¹ years.^[12] Even though this value is shorter than the half-life of ¹²⁸Te, both alpha decays of ²⁰⁹Bi hold the record of the thinnest natural line widths of any measurable physical excitation, estimated respectively at ΔΕ~5.5×10⁻⁴³ eV and ΔΕ~1.3×10⁻⁴⁴ eV in application of the uncertainty principle^[13] (double beta decay would produce energy lines only in neutrinoless transitions, which has not been observed yet).

Applications

Because all primordial bismuth is bismuth-209, bismuth-209 is used for all normal applications of bismuth, such as being used as a replacement for lead,^[14]^[15] in cosmetics,^[16]^[17] in paints,^[18] and in several medicines such as Pepto-Bismol.^[5]^[19]^[20] Alloys containing bismuth-209 such as bismuth bronze have been used for thousands of years.^[21]

Synthesis of other elements

²¹⁰Po can be manufactured by bombarding ²⁰⁹Bi with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.^[22] Only around 100 grams of ²¹⁰Po are produced each year.^[23]^[22] ²⁰⁹Po and ²⁰⁸Po can be made through the proton bombardment of ²⁰⁹Bi in a cyclotron.^[24] Astatine can also be produced by bombarding ²⁰⁹Bi with alpha particles.^[25]^[26]^[27] Traces of ²⁰⁹Bi have also been used to create gold in nuclear reactors.^[28]^[29]

²⁰⁹Bi has been used as a target for the creation of several isotopes of superheavy elements such as dubnium,^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] bohrium,^[30]^[34] meitnerium,^[35]^[36]^[37] roentgenium,^[38]^[39]^[40] and nihonium.^[41]^[42]^[43]

Formation

Primordial

Bismuth-209 is created in the final part of the s-process.^[a]

In the red giant stars of the asymptotic giant branch, the s-process (slow process) is ongoing to produce bismuth-209 and polonium-210 by neutron capture as the heaviest elements to be formed,^[44] and the latter quickly decays.^[44] All elements heavier than it are formed in the r-process, or rapid process, which occurs during the first fifteen minutes of supernovas.^[45]^[44] Bismuth-209 is also created during the r-process.^[44]

Radiogenic

Some ²⁰⁹Bi was created radiogenically from the neptunium decay chain.^[46] Neptunium-237 is an extinct radionuclide, but it can be found in traces in uranium ores because of neutron capture reactions.^[46]^[47] Americium-241, which is used in smoke detectors,^[48] decays to neptunium-237.

Notes

^ Red horizontal lines with a circle in their right ends represent neutron captures; blue arrows pointing up-left represent beta decays; green arrows pointing down-left represent alpha decays; cyan/light-green arrows pointing down-right represent electron captures.

Lighter: bismuth-208	Bismuth-209 is an isotope of bismuth	Heavier: bismuth-210
Decay product of: astatine-213 (α) 'polonium-209 (β⁺) lead-209 (β⁻)'	Decay chain of bismuth-209	Decays to: 'thallium-205 (α)'

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