An arête (/əˈrɛt/ ə-RET; French: [aʁɛt])[1] is a narrow ridge of rock that separates two valleys. It is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. Arêtes can also form when two glacial cirques erode headwards towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col.[2] The edge is then sharpened by freeze-thaw weathering, and the slope on either side of the arête steepened through mass wasting events and the erosion of exposed, unstable rock.[3] The word arête (French: [aʁɛt]) is actually French for "edge" or "ridge"; similar features in the Alps are often described with the German equivalent term Grat.
Where three or more cirques meet, a pyramidal peak is created.
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Transcription
Cleaver
A cleaver is a type of arête that separates a unified flow of glacial ice from its uphill side into two glaciers flanking, and flowing parallel to, the ridge. Cleaver gets its name from the way it resembles a meat cleaver slicing meat into two parts. A cleaver may be thought of as analogous to an island in a river. A common situation has the two flanking glaciers melting to their respective ends before their courses can bring them back together; the exceedingly rare analogy is a situation of the two branches of a river drying up, before the downstream tip of the island, by evaporation or absorption into the ground.
The location of a cleaver is often an important factor in the choice among routes for glacier flow. For example, following a cleaver up or down a mountain may avoid travelling on or under an unstable glacial, snow, or rock area. This is usually the case on those summer routes to the summit whose lower portions are on the south face of Mount Rainier: climbers traverse the ‘flats’ of Ingraham Glacier, but ascend Disappointment Cleaver and follow its ridgeline rather than ascending the headwall either of that glacier or (on the other side of the cleaver) of Emmons Glacier.
Examples
Notable examples of arêtes include:
- Beenkeragh Ridge, MacGillycuddy's Reeks, County Kerry, Ireland.
- The Carn Mor Dearg arête on to Ben Nevis, Scotland
- Clouds Rest, in the Sierra Nevada, California
- Crib Goch, in Snowdonia National Park, Wales
- The Garden Wall, in Glacier National Park, Montana (image to right)
- Half Dome, in Yosemite National Park, California
- Knife Edge, in Baxter State Park, Maine
- Koncheto, Pirin mountain, Bulgaria
- Mazeno Ridge, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
- The Minarets, in the Sierra Nevada, California
- The Sawtooth, in the Southern Rocky Mountains
- Strazhite (The guardians), Pirin mountain, Bulgaria
- Striding Edge in the English Lake District
- Trionite (The Saws), Rila mountain, Bulgaria
See also
- Glacial landform – Landform created by the action of glaciers
References
- ^ "English pronunciation of arête". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "Coastal Landscapes". BBC Bitesize.
- ^ Orlove, Ben. "Glacier Retreat: Reviewing the Limits of Human Adaptation to Climate Change". Environment. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
Sources
- Tarbuck, Edward J.; Lutgens, Frederick K. (2002). Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geography. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 341–342. ISBN 0-13-092025-8.
External links
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This page was last edited on 19 April 2024, at 00:10