The Alwand or Halwan (Arabic: نهر حلوان, Kurdish: Çemê Elwen ,ڕووباری ئەڵوەن, Persian: رود الوند) is a river in eastern Iraq and western Iran. It rises in the Zagros Mountains in Iran.[1]
The river flows west from the mountains to the city of Qasr-e Shirin, where it turns south and crosses the border with Iraq. It then divides the city of Khanaqin in two parts. It has played a significant role in land cultivation and in establishment of a strong rural society in the area, and is considered by the people of Khanaqin a symbol for their unity and Kurdish identity.
The river joins the Diyala River at Zengabadh.[1][2]
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Rivers near Khanaqin...1953
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فيضانات خانقين نهر الوند بتاريخ 2015.11.10 لافاؤ كانى خانةقين خوايه كييان خانةقين بةتباريزيةت
Transcription
Name
According to Vladimir Minorsky, the name "Alwand" is related to the name of the historical city of Hulwan, which lay on the river near the present-day city of Sarpol-e Zahab.[3]: 80
Geography
The Alwand basin is located on the western side of the Zagros and covers an area of about 2,700 km2.[2]: 787–8 The climate of this region is semiarid to Mediterranean, with cool winters and dry summers.[2]: 788 It receives an average of about 530 mm of rainfall per year.[2]: 788 The region is characterized by karst terrain, and there are about 35 karst springs in the Alwand basin (12 major and 23 minor).[2]: 789
Geology
The Alwand basin features seven main anticlines, which are separated from each other by synclines.[2]: 789 About 36% of the basin is made up of carbonate formations, primarily the Asmari Formation.[2]: 789 The Asmari Formation, which makes up the main body of the anticlines, consists of Tertiary dolomitic limestone and dolomite.[2]: 789 Above it lie layers of the marl-and-sandstone Aghajari Formation or the gypsum-and-marl Gachasaran Formation.[2]: 789 Below it is the Cretaceous Pabdeh-Gurpi Formation, which consists of marl and shale.[2]: 789 Another carbonate formation, the Cretaceous Ilam Formation, is made of limestone and is only exposed in the Patagh anticline.[2]: 789 The Asmari Formation, confined beneath the impermeable Aghajari and Gachasaran Formations, is the main aquifer in the Alwand basin.[2]: 789
See also
References
- ^ a b Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. p. 807. ISBN 9004097902.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Karimi, Haji; Raeisi, Ezzat; Bakalowicz, Michel (2005). "Characterising the main karst aquifers of the Alvand basin, northwest of Zagros, Iran, by a hydrogeochemical approach". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (5): 787–99. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0350-4. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1943). "The Gūrān". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (1): 75–103. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
34°32′7″N 45°59′39″E / 34.53528°N 45.99417°E
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This page was last edited on 19 December 2023, at 18:36