Albert John Henderson | |
---|---|
Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit | |
In office January 31, 1986 – May 11, 1999 | |
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit | |
In office October 1, 1981 – January 31, 1986 | |
Appointed by | operation of law |
Preceded by | Seat established |
Succeeded by | James Larry Edmondson |
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit | |
In office July 13, 1979 – October 1, 1981 | |
Appointed by | Jimmy Carter |
Preceded by | Seat established by 92 Stat. 1629 |
Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia | |
In office 1976–1979 | |
Preceded by | Newell Edenfield |
Succeeded by | Charles Allen Moye Jr. |
Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia | |
In office October 11, 1968 – July 26, 1979 | |
Appointed by | Lyndon B. Johnson |
Preceded by | Lewis Render Morgan |
Succeeded by | Orinda Dale Evans |
Personal details | |
Born | Albert John Henderson December 12, 1920 Canton, Georgia |
Died | May 11, 1999 Marietta, Georgia | (aged 78)
Education | Walter F. George School of Law (LLB) |
Albert John Henderson (December 12, 1920 – May 11, 1999) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and earlier was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
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What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
Transcription
Matter as we know it: Atoms, stars and galaxies, planets and trees, rocks and us. This matter accounts for less than 5% of the known universe. About 25% is dark matter and 70% dark energy. Both of which are invisible. This is kind of strange, because it suggets, that everything, we experience is really only a tiny fraction of reality. But it gets worse, we really have no clue, what dark matter and energy are... or how they work. We are pretty sure, they exist. Then, so, what do we know? Dark matter is the stuff, that makes it possible for galaxies to exist. When we calculated, why the universe is structured the way it is, it quickly became clear that there's just not enough normal matter. The gravity of the visible matter is not strong enough to form galaxies and complex structures. The stars would more likely be scattered all over the place... ...and not form galaxies. So, we know there is something else inside and around them. Something, that doesn't emit or reflects light. Something dark. But beside, being able to calculate the existence of dark matter... ...we can see it. Kind of. Places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light passing nearby. So, we know there's something there, that interacts with gravity. Right know, we have more ideas about what dark energy is not, than what it is. We know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars, because it would emit particles we could detect. Dark matter is not anti-matter, because anti-matter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter. Dark matter is also not made up of black holes. Very compact objects, that violently affect their surroundings, while dark matter seems to be scatted all over the place. Basically, we only know three thing for sure: 1. Something is out there. 2. It interacts with gravity. 3. There is a lot of it. Dark matter is probably made of a complicated exotic particle, that doesn't interact with the light and matter in the way we expect. But right now, we just don't know. Dark energy is even more strange and mysterious: We can't detect it; we can't measure it and we can't taste it. But we do see its' affects very clearly: In 1929, Edwin Hubble examined how the wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies... shifts towards the red end to the electromagnetic spectrum, as it travels through space. He found that fainter, more distant galaxies, showed a large degree of redshift. Closer galaxies not so much. Hubble determinded that this was, because the universe itself is expanding. The redshift occurs, because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands. More recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Before that, it was thought that the pull of gravity would cause the expansion to either slow down or even restract and collapse it on itself at some point. Space doesn't changes its properties as it expands. There's just more of it. Youth space is constantly created everywhere. Galaxies are tight bound clusters of stuff, held together by gravity. So, we don't experience this expansion in our daily lives, but we see it everywhere around us. Wherever there is empty space in the universe, more is forming every second. So, dark energy seems to be some kind of energy intrinsic to empty space. Energy, that is stronger than anything else we know and that keeps getting stronger as time passes by. Empty space has more energy than everything else in the universe combined. We have multiple ideas about what dark energy might be. One idea is that dark energy is not a thing, but just a property of space. Empty space is not nothing; it has it own energy. It can generate more space and is quite active. So, as the universe expands, it could be that just a more a more space appears to fill the gaps and this leads to a faster expanding universe. This idea is close to an idea, that Einstein had in 1917 of a concept of a cosmological constand. A force, that counteracted the force of gravity. The only problem is, that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy, the result was so wrong and weird that it only added to the confusion. Another idea is that empty space is acually full of temporary, virtual particles that spontaneously and continually form from nothing and then disappear into nothing again. The energy from those particles could be dark energy. Or maybe dark energy is an unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field, which permeates the entire universe. But somehow has the opposite effect on the universe than normal energy and matter. But if it exists, we don't know how and where or how we could detect it. So, there are still a lot of questions to answer. Our theories about dark matter and dark energy are still just that: theories. On the one hand, this is kind of frustrating; On the other hand, this is frontier science, making it very exciting. It shows us that no matter, how much we feel we are on top of things, we are still very much apes with smartphones on a tiny fragile island in space, looking into the sky, wondering how our universe works. There is so much left to learn and that is awesome! [This video is supported by the "Australian Academy of Science", which promotes and supports excellence in science. Learn more about this topic and others like it at "nova.org.au". It was a blast to work with them. So, go check out their side. Our videos are also made possible by your support on "patreon.com". If you want to support us and become a part of the 'Kurzgesagt'-bird-army, check out our patreom page!]
Education and career
Born in Canton, Georgia, Henderson was a Sergeant in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, and then received a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1947. He was an underwriter for Lawyers Title Insurance Company in Atlanta, Georgia from 1947 to 1948, and was in private practice in Marietta, Georgia from 1948 to 1960. He was a trial attorney of the Assistant State Solicitor General's Office of the Blue Ridge Judicial Circuit from 1949 to 1952. He was a judge of the Juvenile Court of Cobb County, Georgia from 1953 to 1960, and then on the Superior Court of Cobb County from 1961 to 1968.[1]
Federal judicial service
On September 25, 1968, Henderson was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by Judge Lewis Render Morgan. Henderson was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 10, 1968, and received his commission on October 11, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1976 to 1979. His service terminated on July 26, 1979, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit.[1]
On April 18, 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated Henderson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 12, 1979, receiving his commission the following day. On October 1, 1981, Henderson was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He assumed senior status on January 31, 1986, serving in that capacity until his death, in Marietta.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Albert John Henderson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
External links
- Albert John Henderson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.