Akhvakh language

The Akhvakh language (also spelled Axvax, Akhwakh) is a Northeast Caucasian language from the Avar–Andic branch. Ethnologue lists 210 speakers based on the 2010 census,^[1] but Magomedova and Abulaeva (2007) list 20,000 speakers of the language. Akhvakh has several dialects, though sources do not agree on the number. Ethnologue lists Kaxib, Northern Akhvakh and Southern Akhvakh (which can be further subdivided into the Tlyanub and Tsegob subdialects^[2]). Creissels (2010) lists Northern Akhvakh and three dialects of Southern Akhvakh (Cegob, Tljanub, and Ratlub).

A few publications have been made in the Akhvakh language^{[citation needed]}, but for the most part speakers of Akhvakh have adopted Avar as their literary language.

Phonology

Consonants

As with Avar, there are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ː⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis.^[4] The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [tsː] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [tːs] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. t͡ɬː as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence /t͡ɬɬ/ (/t𐞛ɬ/ = /t^ɬɬ/).^[5]

Vowels

Akhvakh has a standard five-vowel system /i e a o u/ with distinctive vowel length.^[4]

Grammar

Agreement classes

Akhvakh has three agreement classes. In the singular, these are human masculine, human feminine, and non-human. In the plural, there are only two—human plural and non-human plural. Akhvakh verbs agree with the absolutive argument (subject of an intransitive or object of a transitive.)

Consider the following examples, which show the general principles. In the first example, the intransitive verb 'run' shows feminine agreement because its subject, 'girl', is feminine. In the second example, the transitive verb 'cook' shows neuter agreement because its object, 'meat', is neuter.^[6]

Note that in the second example, 'wife' is in the ergative case and appears to be the subject of both the verbs 'cook' and 'eat', but neither verb shows feminine agreement.

Cases

Akhvakh has an ergative-absolutive case-marking system. As the following examples (repeated from above) show, the transitive subject has the ergative case, while an intransitive subject has absolutive case. Absolutive case is not overtly marked by a suffix, but the noun phrase with absolutive case controls agreement on the verb:

In addition to the ergative and absolutive cases, Akhvakh has eighteen other cases, for a total of twenty cases.^[7] The additional cases are

• dative
• genitive
• comitative
• purposive
• fifteen spatial cases, arrayed in five series of three.^[which?]

Notes

References

• Creissels, Denis (2009). "Participles and Finiteness: The Case of Akhvakh". Linguistic Discovery. 7 (1). doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.334. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16.
• Creissels, Denis (2010). "Specialized converbs and adverbial subordination in Axaxdərə Akhvakh". In Brill, Isabelle (ed.). Clause linking and clause hierarchy: Syntax and pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 105–142. doi:10.1075/slcs.121.04cre. S2CID 124019120.
• Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139166621. ISBN 978-0-521-45031-7. OL 1409541M.
• Magomedova, Patimat; Abdulaeva, Indira (2007). Axkaxsko-russkij slovar'. Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Naučnyj Centr Rossiskoj Akademii Nauk.

Further reading

• Wixman, Ronald (1984). The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 8.
• Olson, James S. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 25–26.
• Магомедбекова, З. М. (1967). Ahvahskij jazyk: Grammatičeskij analiz, teksty, slovarʹ Ахвахский язык: Грамматический анализ, тексты, словарь [Akhvakh language: Grammatical analysis, texts, dictionary]. Tbilisi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Богуславская, О. Ю. (1997). "Ахвахский язык". Jazyki Rossijskoj federacii i sosednih gosudarstv Языки Российской федерации и соседних государств [Languages of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries]. Vol. 1. Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• The dictionary definition of Akhvakh at Wiktionary

Akhvakh language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

This page was last edited on 1 May 2024, at 03:04