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Aimé Bonpland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Bonpland" redirects here. For other uses, see Bonpland (disambiguation).
Aimé Bonpland
Born22 August 1773
La Rochelle, France
Died11 May 1858 (1858-05-12) (aged 84)
Paso de los Libres, Argentina
Nationality (legal)French
Alma materUniversity of Paris
Known forTravel with Alexander von Humboldt
Parent(s)Jacques-Simon Goujaud
Marguerite-Olive de La Coste
AwardsFrench Academy of Sciences
Scientific career
FieldsPhysician, biologist, botanist, natural history
Author abbrev. (botany)Bonpl.

Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland[1] (French: [ɛme bɔ̃plɑ̃]; 22 August 1773 – 11 May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804. He co-authored volumes of the scientific results of their expedition.

The standard author abbreviation Bonpl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]

Humboldt and Bonpland at the Chimborazo base
Humboldt and Bonpland in the Amazon rainforest

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Transcription

I would like to introduce you to one of the most amazing scientists who have ever lived. So famous, that more places on Earth have been named after him than any human being. So famous, that President Thomas Jefferson said he was the most important scientist he ever met. And Simon Bolivar called him the true discoverer of South America. On the 100th anniversary of his birth, every story on the front page of <i>The New York Times</i> was written about him. Who is this scientist and what did he do that was so extraordinary? His name is Alexander Von Humboldt. Never heard of him? Most people haven't. His name has been lost in history, but here is what he did. Alexander Von Humboldt started as a practicing geologist, but when an inheritance allowed him the freedom to travel, he began an incredible, five-year scientific journey through South America, Mexico, and Cuba. From 1799 to 1804, Von Humboldt and his botonist partner, Aime Bonpland, traveled through the jungles of Venezuela, made detailed drawings of Inca ruins while exploring the mountains of Peru, and traversed the breadth of Mexico and Cuba. He explored the length of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. This 1700 mile portion of the trip was filled with danger, disease, and fantastic new discoveries. For example, Von Humboldt was the first explorer to witness the preparation of the curare plant for poison arrows. He recognized the importance of the cinchona tree, whose bark contains quinine, which is a malaria cure, and discovered the ocean current, which limits rainfall on the coast of Peru, later named the Humboldt Current. He discovered and described many new species of plants and animals, including the electric eel. In Ecuador, he climbed the one of the highest volcanoes, Chimborazo, so that he could record air pressure, something no one had ever done at this altitude. The entire journey covered over 24,000 miles, the same distance as the circumference of the Earth. Along the way, he took measurements about the shape of the land, its temperature, the air pressure, and the strength of magnetic fields. By connecting places of identical temperatures, he created contour maps with lines of similar temperatures, which he called "isotherms". Because Humboldt invented these maps, scientists began to see patterns in the life and the types of life present in certain places, and he became a pioneer in the visual presentation of scientific data. These discoveries and measurements were critical to what made him such an important scientist. Until Humboldt, scientists who described new plants and animals did not clearly see the crucial connection between living things and the places in which they lived, called habitats. They did not appreciate the role of the environment on the diversity of life. Humboldt discovered and understood the importance of these connections. Because of this, he is considered the founder of biogeography. He also developed a theory called the "Unity of Nature," which shows the interconnectedness of all nature. This knowledge plays a vital role in the preservation and protection of our habitat. His book, <i>Cosmos</i>, describes this theory and is still in print today. As celebrated a scientist as he was, Von Humboldt was also generous, thus serving another role in the world. He was the mentor and teacher to younger scientists. In fact, just recently it was discovered the crucial role that Humboldt played in the work of his most famous pen-pal, Charles Darwin. A young Darwin read Humboldt extensively and wrote in his diary while on the Beagle, "I am at present fit only to read Humboldt. He, like another sun, illuminates everything I behold." Today, although Humboldt is known and revered by a small community of scientists, he is almost totally forgotten by many of us. Alexander Von Humboldt's influence is apparent everywhere and in every scientific discipline. He is, perhaps, the most important forgotten man of science. But he doesn't have to be, because if you remember him, perhaps his influence will be celebrated.

Biography

Bonpland was born as Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud[3] in La Rochelle, France, on 22,[4][1][3] 28,[5][6] or 29[citation needed] August 1773. His father was a physician[7] and, around 1790, he joined his brother Michael in Paris, where they both studied medicine.[8] From 1791, they attended courses given at Paris's Botanical Museum of Natural History. Their teachers included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, and René Louiche Desfontaines;[8] Aimé further studied under Jean-Nicolas Corvisart[4] and may have attended classes given by Pierre-Joseph Desault at the Hôtel-Dieu. During this period, Aimé also befriended his fellow student, Xavier Bichat.[citation needed]

Amid the turmoil of the French Revolution and Revolutionary Wars, Bonpland served as a surgeon in the French army[1] or navy.[4][7][9][3]

Having befriended Alexander von Humboldt at Corvisart's house,[7] he joined him on a five-year journey to Tenerife and the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas,[10] traveling to what later became the independent states of Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico, as well as the Orinoco and Amazon basins, with a last stop in the United States.[4][11] During this trip, he collected and classified about 6,000 plants that were mostly unknown in Europe up to that time.[4] His account of these findings was published as a series of volumes from 1808 to 1816 entitled Equatorial Plants (French: Plantes equinoxiales).[4]

Upon his return to Paris, Napoleon granted him a pension of 3000 francs per year in return for the many specimens he bestowed upon the Museum of Natural History.[7] The Empress Josephine was very fond of him and installed him as superintendent over the gardens at Malmaison,[4][7] where many seeds he had brought from the Americas were cultivated.[7] In 1813, he published his Description of the Rare Plants Cultivated at Malmaison and in Navarre (Description des plantes rares cultivées à Malmaison et à Navarre).[4] During this period, he also became acquainted with Gay-Lussac, Arago, and other eminent scientists and, after the abdication of Fontainebleau, vainly pleaded with Napoleon to retire to Venezuela.[4][7] He was present at Josephine's deathbed.[7]

In 1816, he took various European plants to Buenos Aires, where he was elected professor of natural history.[4] He soon left his post, however, to explore the interior of South America.[4] In 1821, he established a colony at Santa Ana near the Paraná for the specific object of harvesting and selling yerba mate.[12] The colony was located in territory claimed by both Paraguay and Argentina; further, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, dictator of Paraguay, "feared that Bonpland's success in cultivating mate would interfere with his own attempt to monopolize that business."[13] The Paraguayans therefore destroyed the colony on December 8, 1821, and Bonpland was arrested as a spy and detained at Santa Maria, Paraguay[14] until 1829.[4][15] During his captivity, he married and had several children.[16] He was given freedom of movement and acted as a physician for the local poor[4] and the military garrison.[9] At the same epoch, the Swiss naturalist Johann Rudolph Rengger also stayed in Paraguay: he was not allowed to cross the strictly guarded border, but was free to circulate pending the request of a special permit for each excursion.[17]

Bonpland was freed in 1829[7] and in 1831[4] returned to Argentina, where he settled at San Borja in Corrientes.[4] There, aged 58, he married a local woman and made a living farming and trading in yerba mate.[9][18] In 1853, he returned to Santa Ana, where he cultivated the orange trees he had introduced.[4] He received a 10 000-piastre estate from the Corrientes government in gratitude for his work in the province.[4] The small town around it is now known as "Bonpland" in his honor.[19] A different small town in Misiones province just south of Santa Ana (Misiones) is also named Bonpland.

He died at age 84, at San Borja,[7] Santa Ana,[3] or Restauración[5] on 4[1] or 11[5] May 1858, before his planned return to Paris.[4]

Legacy

His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig.[20]

Bonpland's biography was written by Adolphe Brunel.[21] A fictionalized account of his travels with Humboldt occurs in Daniel Kehlmann's Die Vermessung der Welt, translated by Carol Brown Janeway as Measuring the World: A Novel.

Bonpland Street in the upscale Buenos Aires neighborhood of Palermo Hollywood lies among streets named after Charles Darwin, Robert FitzRoy, and Alexander von Humboldt.[22] There is also a Bonpland Street in the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Many animals and plants are also named in his honor, including the plant genus Bonplandia, the willow Salix bonplandiana, the squid Grimalditeuthis bonplandi, and the orchid Ornithocephalus bonplandi.

The lunar crater Bonpland is named after him.[23] Also Pico Bonpland in the Venezuelan Andes is named to his honor, although he never visited the Venezuelan Andes.[24] A peak of over 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in New Zealand also bears his name. The mountain is near the head of Lake Wakatipu in the South Island.[25]

The Bonpland Prize set up by the National Horticultural Society of France to promote the creation or restoration of pleasure gardens by amateur gardeners, was named after Aimé Bonpland.[26]

Taxonomic descriptions

The following genera and species have been named or described by Aimé Bonpland.[27]

Genera

  1. Abolboda
  2. Aegopogon
  3. Alchornea
  4. Angelonia
  5. Ceroxylon
  6. Elionurus
  7. Eriope
  8. Espeletia
  9. Eudema
  10. Exostema
  11. Fulcaldea
  12. Guardiola
  13. Hypocalyptus
  14. Isertia
  15. Leucophyllum
  16. Limnocharis
  17. Machaonia
  18. Matisia
  19. Menodora
  20. Pleopeltis
  21. Retiniphyllum
  22. Triglochin
  23. Vauquelinia

Species

  1. Acacia subulata
  2. Alchornea castaneifolia
  3. Arceuthobium vaginatum
  4. Aristida divaricata
  5. Arrabidaea chica
  6. Astragalus geminiflorus
  7. Banksia marginata
  8. Brachyotum confertum
  9. Bertholletia excelsa
  10. Brugmansia suaveolens
  11. Brunellia ovalifolia
  12. Cavanillesia platanifolia
  13. Centronia mutisii
  14. Cephalanthus salicifolius
  15. Ceroxylon alpinum
  16. Chuquiraga jussieui
  17. Claytonia perfoliata
  18. Coriaria thymifolia
  19. Dorstenia tenuis
  20. Draba violacea
  21. Eucalyptus diversifolia
  22. Eudema nubigena
  23. Eugenia albida
  24. Huperzia crassa
  25. Hydrocleys nymphoides
  26. Iochroma fuchsioides
  27. Ipomoea arborescens
  28. Iresine diffusa
  29. Jacksonia furcellata
  30. Juniperus phoenicea
  31. Lilaea scilloides (synonym of Triglochin scilloides)
  32. Limnobium laevigatum
  33. Limnocharis flava
  34. Ludwigia helminthorrhiza
  35. Ludwigia sedioides
  36. Maurandya antirrhiniflora
  37. Melaleuca pallida
  38. Miconia caelata
  39. Miconia guayaquilensis
  40. Miconia lacera
  41. Miconia minutiflora
  42. Miconia theaezans
  43. Mimosa somnians
  44. Monochaetum multiflorum
  45. Passiflora arborea
  46. Pinguicula moranensis
  47. Prosopis laevigata
  48. Prosopis pallida
  49. Prumnopitys montana
  50. Quararibea cordata
  51. Quercus crassifolia
  52. Quercus crassipes
  53. Quercus depressa
  54. Quercus diversifolia
  55. Quercus humboldtii
  56. Quercus mexicana
  57. Quercus obtusata
  58. Quercus repanda
  59. Quercus xalapensis
  60. Smilax havanensis
  61. Stanhopea grandiflora
  62. Stanhopea jenischiana
  63. Styrax tomentosus
  64. Symphoricarpos microphyllus
  65. Symplocos coccinea
  66. Tagetes zypaquirensis
  67. Theobroma bicolor
  68. Trichilia acuminata
  69. Viola cheiranthifolia
  70. Vitis tiliifolia
  71. Zieria laevigata

Works

  • 1805: Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Written with Alexander von Humboldt.
    • von Humboldt, Alexander; Bonpland, Aimé (2009). Essay on the geography of plants. Translated by Sylvie Romanowski, with an Introduction by Stephen T. Jackson. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226360669. OCLC 977369593. English translation from 2009.
  • 1811: A collection of observations on zoology and comparative anatomy written with Alexander von Humboldt, Printing JH Stone, Paris. Digital version at the website Gallica.
  • 1813: Description of rare plants grown at Malmaison and Navarre by Aimé Bonpland. Printing P. The elder Didot, Paris. By Aimé Bonpland dedicated to the Empress Joséphine. Digital version Archived 2020-07-27 at the Wayback Machine at the website Botanicus, and Digital version of the illustrations at the website of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (Interuniversity Library of Health).
  • 1815: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 1, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version Archived 2020-07-27 at the Wayback Machine at the website Botanicus.
  • 1816: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 1, Paris.
  • 1817: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 2, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version Archived 2020-07-27 at the Wayback Machine at the website Botanicus.
  • 1818: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 3, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
  • 1820: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 4, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
  • 1821: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 5, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
  • 1823: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 6, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
  • 1823: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 2, Paris.
  • 1825: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 7, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Chisholm (1911).
  2. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Bonpl.
  3. ^ a b c d ACAB (1900).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r EB (1878).
  5. ^ a b c Smith, Charles (2007), "Aimé Jacques Alexandre (Goujaud) Bonpland", Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists, and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches.
  6. ^ Parish register. Paroisse Saint-Barthélémy, La Rochelle. Archives départementales, Charente-Maritime, Archives en ligne.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j AJSA (1858).
  8. ^ a b Stephen Bell (2010). A Life in Shadow: Aimé Bonpland in Southern South America, 1817–1858 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780804774277.
  9. ^ a b c AC (1879).
  10. ^ Daum, Andreas (2019). Alexander von Humboldt. Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 44‒61. ISBN 978-3-406-73436-6.
  11. ^ Timothy Rooks (12 December 2019). "How Alexander von Humboldt put South America on the map | DW | 12.07.2019". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  12. ^ Stephen Bell (2010). A Life in Shadow: Aimé Bonpland in Southern South America, 1817–1858 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780804774277.
  13. ^ George Sarton (1943) "Aimé Bonpland (1773–1858)", Isis 34: 385–99, reprinted in George Sarton on the History of Science (1962), Dorothy Stimson editor, Harvard University Press
  14. ^ Rengger, Johan Rudolf: (1827) Ensayo Historico
  15. ^ Chavez, Julios Cesar (1942), El Supremo Dictador. (in Spanish)
  16. ^ Schinini, Aurelio (2013) Aimé Bonpland: Un naturalista francés en Corrientes.
  17. ^ Albert Schumann (1889), "Rengger, Johann Rudolf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 28, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 220–222
  18. ^ Obregón (1999), "Los soportes histórico y científico de la pieza Humboldt & Bonpland, taxidermistas de Ibsen Martínez", Latin American Theatre Review. (in Spanish)
  19. ^ "Muncipio de Bonpland". Government of Corrientes. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  20. ^ Sastre, C (2003). "Alicia Lourteig (1913-2003)". Adansonia. Series 3. 25 (2): 149–150.
  21. ^ OCLC 5184922
  22. ^ "Aimé Bonpland, un descubridor científico". Espores: La veu del Botànic (in European Spanish). 2012-01-26. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01. Su nombre permanece en una calle de esta ciudad, en una de las cumbres más altas de Venezuela
  23. ^ "Aimé Bonpland". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  24. ^ "La travesía de Humboldt". ArcGIS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  25. ^ Brockie, Bob (2016-07-04). "Adventurers proved how exciting life of a scientist can be". Stuff. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  26. ^ BRY, Laurence (November 30, 2016). "Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France - Prix Bonpland". Parcs et Jardins PACA.
  27. ^ IPNI

Bibliography

External links

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