| 22nd Division (22. Division); in 1870-71 and from August 2, 1914, 22nd Infantry Division (22. Infanterie-Division) | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1866-1919 |
| Country | Prussia/Germany |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Infantry (in peacetime included cavalry) |
| Part of | XI. Army Corps (XI. Armeekorps) |
| Garrison/HQ | Kassel |
| Engagements | Franco-Prussian War: Woerth, Sedan, Paris, 1st Orléans, Loigny-Poupry, 2nd Orléans, Le Mans World War I: Liège, 1st Masurian Lakes, Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, Romanian Campaign, German spring offensive, 2nd Somme, 2nd Marne |
The 22nd Division (22. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army.[1] It was formed on October 11, 1866, and was headquartered in Kassel.[2] The division was subordinated in peacetime to the XI Army Corps (XI. Armeekorps).[3] The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.
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Transcription
As we've already talked about, as we exit the 1800s and we get into the early 1900s and we approach World War I, the various powers of Europe were really on this race for empire. It was a part of national prestige. And it helped build national wealth. But of the major powers, Germany and Italy were relatively new as unified states. The British Empire-- they had been building their empire for hundreds of years. The Germans, on the other hand, even though they have a very old culture going back hundreds-- or you could argue thousands-- of years, as a unified state, they only existed since 1871. And that's only after the Franco-Prussian War, which allowed the Prussians to unify all of Germany. And the Italians only became fully unified in 1870, also due to the Franco-Prussian War. Because the French had to focus on the Germans, had to focus on the Prussians, they couldn't protect the Papal States anymore. And so that allowed the Italians to unify it under their a rule. So by the time we get to 1914, the beginning of World War I, these two powers, they were also on their race for empire. But they were only about 43 or 44 years old. And so they hadn't been able to build as extensive of an empire as France and, especially, as extensive of an empire as Great Britain. But this map right over here shows how far their actual empires did extend. Italy had control of Libya, Eritrea, and parts of what's today Somalia. And Germany had control-- it also had holdings in Africa, possessions in Africa. Togoland, which is modern-day Togo; Cameroon, which makes up-- modern-day Cameroon is part of German Southwest Africa. That's now known as Namibia. German East Africa, which is now Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi. And Germany also had holdings in the Pacific and even in China. These are the Pacific Islands that Germany had possession of. It had German New Guinea. And it even had control of the town of Tsingtao. And that actually is culturally interesting for those of you watching this video in 2013. Tsingtao is now a very popular Chinese brand of beer. One of the more-- I think it's the number two in the market Chinese beer. And it's associated with China. But it was actually started by German settlers in Tsingtao in 1903. So actually its roots are with the Germans, who obviously have a long tradition of producing beers. And so Tsingtao-- you could argue it's a Chinese beer. It's produced in China. But it had its roots in German imperial rule.
Recruitment
The division was recruited in the formerly independent Electorate of Hesse (Kurhessen), which had been incorporated into Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War, in the Principality of Waldeck, and in the Thuringian states. Until 1899, including during the Franco-Prussian War, it was predominantly from Thuringia, but many Thuringian units went to the 38th Division when that division was formed in 1899.[4]
Combat chronicle
During the Franco-Prussian War, as the 22nd Infantry Division it fought in the opening battle of Woerth and the major battle of Sedan. It then participated in the Siege of Paris. Subsequently, it saw action in the Loire campaign, including the battles of 1st Orléans, Loigny-Poupry, 2nd Orléans, and Le Mans.[5]
In World War I, again as the 22nd Infantry Division, it fought initially on the Western Front, including in the Battle of Liège. It was soon sent to the Eastern Front, where it remained until October 1917. It fought in the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes and the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, as well as the Brusilov Offensive and Kerensky Offensive. After returning to the Western Front, it saw action in the 1918 German spring offensive, including the Second Battle of the Somme and the Second Battle of the Marne. Allied intelligence noted that the division had good morale, but in 1918 rated it third class, albeit better on the defensive.[6][7]
Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War
During wartime, the 22nd Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 22nd Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:[8]
- 43. Infanterie-Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 32
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 95
- 44. Infanterie-Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 83
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 94
- Husaren-Regiment Nr. 13
The 32nd, 94th and 95th Infantry Regiments were from the Thuringian states, while the 83rd Infantry Regiment was from the Electorate of Hesse and included a battalion from Waldeck.
Pre-World War I organization
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. With the creation of the 38th Division, most Thuringian elements were transferred to the new division and replaced with the Electorate of Hesse units (the 167th Upper Alsatian Infantry Regiment, despite its name, was recruited in the Electorate of Hesse and Prussian Saxony). The organization of the 22nd Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:[9]
- 43. Infanterie-Brigade
- 2. Kurhessisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 82
- Infanterie-Regiment von Wittich (3. Kurhessisches) Nr. 83
- 44.Infanterie-Brigade
- 2. Thüringisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 32
- 1. Ober-Elsässiches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 167
- 22. Kavallerie-Brigade
- Dragoner-Regiment Freiherr von Manteuffel (Rheinisches) Nr. 5
- Husaren-Regiment Landgraf Friedrich II. von Hessen-Homburg (2. Kurhessisches) Nr. 14
- 22. Feldartillerie-Brigade
- 1. Kurhessisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 11
- 2. Kurhessisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 47
Order of battle on mobilization
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 22nd Division was again renamed the 22nd Infantry Division and its initial wartime organization was as follows:[10]
- 43. Infanterie-Brigade
- 2. Kurhessisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 82
- Infanterie-Regiment von Wittich (3. Kurhessisches) Nr. 83
- 44.Infanterie-Brigade
- 2. Thüringisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 32
- 1. Ober-Elsässiches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 167
- Kurhessisches Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 11
- 1.Halbregiment/Kürassier-Regiment Kaiser Nikolas I. von Rußland (Brandenburgisches) Nr. 6
- 22. Feldartillerie-Brigade
- 1. Kurhessisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 11
- 2. Kurhessisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 47
- 1.Kompanie/Kurhessisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 11
Late World War I organization
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 22nd Infantry Division's order of battle on May 29, 1918, was as follows:[10]
- 43. Infanterie-Brigade
- 2. Kurhessisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 82
- Infanterie-Regiment von Wittich (3. Kurhessisches) Nr. 83
- 1. Ober-Elsässiches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 167
- 6.Eskadron/Kürassier-Regiment Kaiser Nikolas I. von Rußland (Brandenburgisches) Nr. 6
- Artillerie-Kommandeur 22
- 1. Kurhessisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 11
- Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 50
- Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 128
- 1.Kompanie/Kurhessisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 11
- 2.Kompanie/Kurhessisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 11
- Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 22
- Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 22
References
- 22. Infanterie-Division (Chronik 1914/1918) - Der erste Weltkrieg
- Claus von Bredow, bearb., Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deutschen Heeres (1905)
- Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
- Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1937)
- Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1
- Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920)
Notes
- ^ From the late 1800s, the Prussian Army was effectively the German Army, as during the period of German unification (1866-1871) the states of the German Empire entered into conventions with Prussia regarding their armies and only the Bavarian Army remained fully autonomous.
- ^ Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, p.119; Claus von Bredow, bearb., Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deuschen Heeres (1905), p.588.
- ^ Bredow, p. 587.
- ^ Bredow, pp. 587-608.
- ^ Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935); Wegner, p.588.
- ^ 22. Infanterie-Division (Chronik 1914/1918)
- ^ Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920), pp. 324-326.
- ^ A. Niemann, Der französische Feldzug 1870-1871 (Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Hildburghausen, 1871), p. 47.
- ^ Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee (1914), pp. 89-90.
- ^ a b Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle
This page was last edited on 22 June 2021, at 12:33