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The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in California were held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, with a primary election on June 7, 2016. Voters elected the 53 U.S. representatives from the state of California, one from each of the state's 53 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the elections of other offices, including a presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.
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Congressional Elections: Crash Course Government and Politics #6
Transcription
Hi, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government
and Politics, and today we're going to talk
about what is, if you ask the general public,
the most important part of politics: elections.
If you ask me, it's hair styles.
Look at Martin Van Buren's sideburns, how
could he not be elected?
Americans are kind of obsessed with elections,
I mean when this was being recorded in early
2015, television, news and the internet were
already talking about who would be Democrat
and Republican candidates for president in
2016. And many of the candidates have unofficially
been campaigning for years. I've been campaigning;
your grandma's been campaigning.
Presidential elections are exciting and you
can gamble on them. Is that legal, can you
gamble on them, Stan? Anyway, why we're so
obsessed with them is a topic for another day.
Right now I'm gonna tell you that the fixation
on the presidential elections is wrong, but
not because the president doesn't matter.
No, today we're gonna look at the elections
of the people that are supposed to matter the
most, Congress.
Constitutionally at least, Congress is the
most important branch of government because
it is the one that is supposed to be the most
responsive to the people.
One of the main reasons it's so responsive,
at least in theory, is the frequency of elections.
If a politician has to run for office often,
he or she, because unlike the president we
have women serving in Congress, kind of has
to pay attention to what the constituents
want, a little bit, maybe.
By now, I'm sure that most of you have memorized
the Constitution, so you recognize that despite
their importance in the way we discuss politics,
elections aren't really a big feature of the Constitution.
Except of course for the ridiculously complex
electoral college system for choosing the
president, which we don't even want to think
about for a few episodes. In fact, here's
what the Constitution says about Congressional
Elections in Article 1 Section 2:
"The House of Representatives shall be composed
of members chosen every second year by the
people of the several states, and the electors
in each state shall have the qualifications
requisite for electors of the most numerous
branch of the state legislature."
So the Constitution does establish that the
whole of the house is up for election every
2 years, and 1/3 of the senate is too, but
mainly it leaves the scheduling and rules
of elections up to the states. The actual
rules of elections, like when the polls are
open and where they actually are, as well
as the registration requirements, are pretty
much up to the states, subject to some federal
election law.
If you really want to know the rules in your
state, I'm sure that someone at the Board
of Elections, will be happy to explain them
to you. Really, you should give them a call;
they're very, very lonely.
In general though, here's what we can say
about American elections. First stating the
super obvious, in order to serve in congress,
you need to win an election.
In the House of Representatives, each election
district chooses a single representative,
which is why we call them single-member districts.
The number of districts is determined by the
Census, which happens every 10 years, and
which means that elections ending in zeros
are super important, for reasons that I'll
explain in greater detail in a future episode.
It's because of gerrymandering.
The Senate is much easier to figure out
because both of the state Senators are elected
by the entire state. It's as if the state
itself were a single district, which is true
for states like Wyoming, which are so unpopulated
as to have only 1 representative. Sometimes
these elections are called at large elections.
Before the election ever happens, you need
candidates. How candidates are chosen differs
from state to state, but usually it has something
to do with political parties, although it
doesn't have to. Why are things so complicated?!
What we can say is that candidates, or at
least good candidates, usually have certain
characteristics. Sorry America.
First off, if you are gonna run for office,
you should have an unblemished record, free
of, oh I don't know, felony convictions or
sex scandals, except maybe in Louisiana or
New York. This might lead to some pretty bland
candidates or people who are so calculating
that they have no skeletons in their closet,
but we Americans are a moral people and like
our candidates to reflect our ideals rather
than our reality.
The second characteristic that a candidate
must possess is the ability to raise money.
Now some candidates are billionaires and can
finance their own campaigns. But most billionaires
have better things to do: buying yachts, making
even more money, building money forts, buying
more yachts, so they don't have time to run
for office. But most candidates get their
money for their campaigns by asking for it.
The ability to raise money is key, especially
now, because running for office is expensive.
Can I get a how expensive is it? "How expensive
is it?!" Well, so expensive that the prices
of elections continually rises and in 2012
winners of House races spent nearly 2 million
each. Senate winners spent more than 10 million.
By the time this episode airs, I'm sure the
numbers will be much higher like a gajillion
billion million.
Money is important in winning an election,
but even more important, statistically, is
already being in Congress. Let's go to the
Thought Bubble.
The person holding an office who runs for
that office again is called the incumbent
and has a big advantage over any challenger.
This is according to political scientists
who, being almost as bad at naming things
as historians, refer to this as incumbency
advantage. There are a number of reasons why
incumbents tend to hold onto their seats in
congress, if they want to.
The first is that a sitting congressman has
a record to run on, which we hope includes
some legislative accomplishments, although
for the past few Congresses, these don't seem
to matter. The record might include case work,
which is providing direct services to constituents.
This is usually done by congressional staffers
and includes things like answering questions
about how to get certain government benefits
or writing recommendation letters to West
Point. Congressmen can also provide jobs to
constituents, which is usually a good way
to get them to vote for you. These are either
government jobs, kind of rare these days,
called patronage or indirect employment through
government contracts for programs within a
Congressman's district. These programs are
called earmarks or pork barrel programs, and
they are much less common now because Congress
has decided not to use them any more, sort of.
The second advantage that incumbents have
is that they have a record of winning elections,
which if you think about it, is pretty obvious.
Being a proven winner makes it easier for
a congressmen to raise money, which helps
them win, and long term incumbents tend to
be more powerful in Congress which makes it
even easier for them to raise money and win.
The Constitution give incumbents one structural
advantage too. Each elected congressman is
allowed $100,000 and free postage to send
out election materials. This is called the
franking privilege. It's not so clear how great an
advantage this is in the age of the internet, but
at least according to the book The Victory Lab, direct
mail from candidates can be surprisingly effective.
How real is this incumbency advantage? Well
if you look at the numbers, it seems pretty
darn real. Over the past 60 years, almost 90%
of members of The House of Representatives
got re-elected. The Senate has been even more
volatile, but even at the low point in 1980
more than 50% of sitting senators got to keep
their jobs.
Thanks, Thought Bubble. You're so great. So
those are some of the features of congressional
elections. Now, if you'll permit me to get
a little politically sciencey, I'd like to
try to explain why elections are so important to the
way that Congressmen and Senators do their jobs.
In 1974, political scientist David Mayhew
published a book in which he described something
he called "The Electoral Connection." This was
the idea that Congressmen were primarily motivated
by the desire to get re-elected, which intuitively
makes a lot of sense, even though I'm not
sure what evidence he had for this conclusion.
Used to be able to get away with that kind
of thing I guess, clearly David may-not-hew
to the rules of evidence, pun [rim shot],
high five, no. Anyway Mayhew's research methodology
isn't as important as his idea itself because
The Electoral Connection provides a frame
work for understanding congressman's activities.
Mayhew divided representatives' behaviors
and activities into three categories.
The first is advertising; congressmen work
to develop their personal brand so that they
are recognizable to voters. Al D'Amato used
to be know in New York as Senator Pothole,
because he was able to bring home so much
pork that he could actually fix New York's
streets. Not by filling them with pork, money,
its money, remember pork barrel spending?
The second activity is credit claiming; Congressmen
get things done so that they can say they got them
done. A lot of case work and especially pork
barrel spending are done in the name of credit
claiming. Related to credit claiming, but
slightly different, is position taking. This
means making a public judgmental statement
on something likely to be of interest to voters.
Senators can do this through filibusters.
Representatives can't filibuster, but they
can hold hearings, publicly supporting a hearing
is a way of associating yourself with an idea
without having to actually try to pass legislation.
And of course they can go on the TV, especially
on Sunday talk shows. What's a TV, who even
watches TV?
Now the idea of The Electoral Connection doesn't
explain every action a member of Congress
takes; sometimes they actually make laws to
benefit the public good or maybe solve problems,
huh, what an idea! But Mayhew's idea gives
us a way of thinking about Congressional activity,
an analytical lens that connects what Congressmen
actually do with how most of us understand
Congressmen, through elections.
So the next time you see a Congressmen call
for a hearing on a supposed horrible scandal
or read about a Senator threatening to filibuster
a policy that may have significant popular
support, ask yourself, "Is this Representative
claiming credit or taking a position, and
how will this build their brand?" In other
words: what's the electoral connection and
how will whatever they're doing help them get
elected? This might feel a little cynical,
but the reality is Mayhew's thesis often seems
to fit with today's politics.
Thanks for watching, see you next week.
Vote for me; I'm on the TV.
I'm not -- I'm on the YouTube.
Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced
in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support
for Crash Course US Government comes from
Voqal. Voqal supports nonprofits that use
technology and media to advance social equity.
Learn more about their mission and initiatives
at Voqal.org. Crash Course is made by all
of these nice people. Thanks for watching.
That guy isn't nice.
Overview
United States House of Representatives elections in California, 2016 Primary election — June 7, 2016
The following are the predictions for House districts where at least one out of the Cook Political Report, Daily Kos Elections, the Rothenberg Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and RealClearPolitics did not agree that the district was "safe Democratic" or "safe Republican" (59 races total as of October 27). Incumbent Lois Capps did not seek reelection, signified by parentheses around her name. Note that safeness of a district is not necessarily a prediction as to outcome, nor final margin of victory.
The 1st district is based in inland Northern California and includes Chico and Redding. Incumbent Republican Doug LaMalfa, who had represented the 1st district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 2nd district is based in California's North Coast and includes Marin County and Eureka. Incumbent Democrat Jared Huffman, who had represented the 2nd district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 3rd district is based in north central California and includes Davis, Fairfield, and Yuba City. Incumbent Democrat John Garamendi, who had represented the 3rd district since 2013 and previously represented the 10th district from 2009 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 4th district is based in east central California and includes Lake Tahoe, Roseville, and Yosemite National Park. Incumbent Republican Tom McClintock, who had represented the 4th district since 2009, ran for re-election.
The 5th district is based in the North Bay and includes Napa, Santa Rosa, and Vallejo. Incumbent Democrat Mike Thompson, who had represented the 5th district since 2013 and previously represented the 1st district from 1999 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 6th district is based in north central California and includes Sacramento. Incumbent Democrat Doris Matsui, who had represented the 6th district since 2013 and previously represented the 5th district from 2005 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 7th district is based in north central California and includes eastern Sacramento County. Incumbent Democrat Ami Bera, who had represented the 7th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
On May 10, Bera's father, Bob Bera, pleaded guilty to two felony counts of violating campaign finance laws, having made the maximum allowed contribution to his son's campaign in both the 2010 and 2012 election and then got friends and relatives to do the same.[23][24] Bob Bera would then reimburse them, effectively circumventing campaign finance laws, funnelling $250,000 to the campaign.[25] Ami Bera released a statement claiming to be unaware of his father's activity. He said, "I am incredibly saddened and disappointed in learning what my dad did. While I deeply love my father, it's clear he has made a grave mistake that will have real consequences for him. Neither I, no anyone involved with my campaign, was aware of my father's activities until we learned about them from the U.S. Attorney's Office." Bera also said that he returned the illegal contributions to the U.S. Treasury.
On August 18, Bob Bera was sentenced to a year in prison and fined $100,000. Bera's campaign manager said of the ruling, "This is one of the most difficult experiences of Congressman Bera's and his entire family's lives. Babulal Bera made a grave mistake and he now has to face the consequences of that."[26]
The 8th district is based in the eastern High Desert and includes Victorville and Yucaipa. Incumbent Republican Paul Cook, who had represented the 8th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 9th district is based in the Central Valley and includes the San Joaquin Delta and Stockton. Incumbent Democrat Jerry McNerney, who had represented the 9th district since 2013 and previously represented the 11th district from 2007 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 10th district is based in the Central Valley and includes Modesto and Tracy. Incumbent Republican Jeff Denham, who had represented the 10th district since 2013 and previously represented the 19th district from 2011 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 11th district is based in the East Bay and includes Concord and Richmond. Incumbent Democrat Mark DeSaulnier, who had represented the 11th district since 2015, ran for re-election.
The 12th district is based in the Bay Area and includes most of San Francisco. Incumbent Democrat Nancy Pelosi, who had represented the 12th district since 2013 and previously represented the 8th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 5th district from 1987 until 1993, ran for re-election.
The 13th district is based in the East Bay and includes Berkeley and Oakland. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Lee, who had represented the 13th district since 2013 and previously represented the 9th district from 1998 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 14th district is based in the Bay Area and includes most of San Mateo County. Incumbent Democrat Jackie Speier, who had represented the 14th district since 2013 and previously represented the 12th district from 2008 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 15th district is based in the East Bay and includes Hayward and Livermore. Incumbent Democrat Eric Swalwell, who had represented the 15th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 16th district is based in the Central Valley and includes Fresno and Merced. Incumbent Democrat Jim Costa, who had represented the 16th district since 2013 and previously represented the 20th district from 2005 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 17th district is based in the Bay Area and includes Sunnyvale, Cupertino, Santa Clara, Fremont, and Milpitas. Incumbent Democrat Mike Honda, who had represented the 17th district since 2013 and previously represented the 15th district from 2001 to 2013, ran for re-election.
Khanna took no donations from PACs or corporations for his 2016 campaign, raising $480,500 from individuals associated with the securities and investment industries and $170,752 from individuals associated with the electronics manufacturing industry.[43] All these donations were subject to the $2,700 individual contributions cap.
The 18th district is based in the Bay Area and includes Palo Alto, Redwood City, and Saratoga. Incumbent Democrat Anna Eshoo, who had represented the 18th district since 2013 and previously represented the 14th district from 1993 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 19th district is based in the South Bay and includes most of San Jose. Incumbent Democrat Zoe Lofgren, who had represented the 19th district since 2013 and previously represented the 16th district from 1995 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 20th district is based in the Central Coast and includes Monterey and Santa Cruz. Incumbent Democrat Sam Farr, who had represented the 20th district since 2013 and previously represented the 17th district from 1993 to 2013, retired.
The 21st district is based in the Central Valley and includes Hanford and parts of Bakersfield. Incumbent Republican David Valadao, who had represented the 21st district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 22nd district is based in the Central Valley and includes Clovis, Tulare, and Visalia. Incumbent Republican Devin Nunes, who had represented the 22nd district since 2013 and previously represented the 21st district from 2003 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 23rd district is based in the southern Central Valley and includes parts of Bakersfield. Incumbent Republican House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, who had represented the 23rd district since 2013 and previously represented the 22nd district from 2007 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 24th district is based in the Central Coast and includes San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara. Incumbent Democrat Lois Capps, who had represented the 24th district since 2013 and previously represented the 23rd district from 2003 to 2013 and the 22nd district from 1998 to 2003, retired.[57]
The 25th district is based in northern Los Angeles County and includes Palmdale and Santa Clarita. Incumbent Republican Steve Knight, who had represented the 25th district since 2015, ran for re-election.
The 26th district is based in the southern Central Coast and includes Oxnard and Thousand Oaks. Incumbent Democrat Julia Brownley, who had represented the 26th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 27th district is based in the San Gabriel Foothills and includes Alhambra, Glendora and Pasadena. Incumbent Democrat Judy Chu, who had represented the 27th district since 2013 and previously represented the 32nd district from 2009 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 28th district is based in the northern Los Angeles suburbs and includes Burbank and Glendale as well as parts of central Los Angeles. Incumbent Democrat Adam Schiff, who had represented the 28th district since 2013 and previously represented the 29th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 27th district from 2001 to 2003, ran for re-election.
The 29th district is based in the northeastern San Fernando Valley. Incumbent Democrat Tony Cardenas, who had represented the 29th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 30th district is based in the western San Fernando Valley and includes Sherman Oaks. Incumbent Democrat Brad Sherman, who had represented the 30th district since 2013 and previously represented the 27th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 24th district from 1997 to 2003, ran for re-election.
Paul Chabot, former Naval Intelligence officer, former White House adviser, anti-drug activist and general election candidate for this seat in 2014[72]
Eliminated in primary
Joe Baca, former Democratic U.S. Representative[73]
The 32nd district is based in the San Gabriel Valley and includes El Monte and West Covina. Incumbent Democrat Grace Napolitano, who had represented the 32nd district since 2013 and previously represented the 38th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 34th district from 1999 to 2003, ran for re-election.
In August, Hernández withdrew from the race, citing the fallout from his controversial divorce as the primary reason.[75] He did, however, remain on the ballot.
The 34th district is based in central Los Angeles and includes Chinatown and Downtown Los Angeles. Incumbent Democrat Xavier Becerra, who had represented the 34th district since 2013 and previously represented the 31st district from 2003 to 2013 and the 30th district from 1993 to 2003, ran for re-election.
The 35th district is based in the Inland Empire and includes Fontana, Ontario, and Pomona. Incumbent Democrat Norma Torres, who had represented the 35th district since 2015, ran for re-election.
The 36th district is based in eastern Riverside County and includes Palm Springs. Incumbent Democrat Raul Ruiz, who had represented the 36th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 37th district is based in West Los Angeles and includes Crenshaw and Culver City. Incumbent Democrat Karen Bass, who had represented the 37th district since 2013 and previously represented the 33rd district from 2011 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 38th district is based in the eastern Los Angeles suburbs and includes Norwalk and Whittier. Incumbent Democrat Linda Sánchez, who had represented the 38th district since 2013 and previously represented the 39th district from 2003 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 39th district straddles the Los Angeles–Orange county border and includes Chino Hills, Diamond Bar, and Fullerton. Incumbent Republican Ed Royce, who had represented the 39th district since 2013 and previously represented the 40th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 39th district from 1993 to 2003, ran for re-election.
The 40th district is based in central Los Angeles County and includes Downey and East Los Angeles. Incumbent Democrat Lucille Roybal-Allard, who had represented the 40th district since 2013 and previously represented the 34th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 33rd district from 1993 to 2003, ran for re-election.
The 42nd district is based in the Inland Empire and includes Corona and Murrieta. Incumbent Republican Ken Calvert, who had represented the 42nd district since 2013 and previously represented the 44th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 43rd district from 1993 to 2003, ran for re-election.
The 43rd district is based in South Los Angeles and includes Hawthorne and Inglewood. Incumbent Democrat Maxine Waters, who had represented the 43rd district since 2013 and previously represented the 35th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 29th district from 1991 to 1993, ran for re-election.
The 45th district is based in inland Orange County and includes Irvine and Mission Viejo. Incumbent Republican Mimi Walters, who had represented the 45th district since 2015, ran for re-election.
The 46th district is based in central Orange County and includes Anaheim and Santa Ana. Incumbent Democrat Loretta Sanchez, who had represented the 46th district since 2013 and previously represented the 47th district from 2003 to 2013 and the 46th district from 1997 to 2003, retired to run for the United States Senate.[96]
The 47th district includes Long Beach and parts of Orange County. Incumbent Democrat Alan Lowenthal, who had represented the 47th district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 48th district is based in coastal Orange County and includes Huntington Beach and Newport Beach. Incumbent Republican Dana Rohrabacher, who had represented the 48th district since 2013 and previously represented the 46th district from 2003 to 2013, the 45th district from 1993 to 2003, and the 42nd district from 1989 to 1993, ran for re-election.
The 49th district is based in northern San Diego County and parts of southern Orange County. It includes the cities of Carlsbad, Oceanside, and San Clemente. Incumbent Republican Darrell Issa, who had represented the 49th district since 2003 and the 48th district from 2001 to 2003, ran for re-election and won by a margin of 0.52%, making this the closest House race in 2016.
The 50th district is based in inland San Diego County and includes Escondido and Santee. Incumbent Republican Duncan D. Hunter, who had represented the 50th district since 2013 and previously represented the 52nd district from 2009 to 2013, ran for re-election.
The 52nd district is based in coastal San Diego and includes La Jolla and Poway. Incumbent Democrat Scott Peters, who had represented the 52nd district since 2013, ran for re-election.
The 53rd district is based in Central San Diego and includes La Mesa and Lemon Grove. Incumbent Democrat Susan Davis, who had represented the 53rd district since 2003 and previously represented the 49th district from 2001 to 2003, ran for re-election.
^ abc"Candidates". electgoppatriots.org/. National Republican Congressional Committee. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
^ ab"Candidates". boldprogressives.org. Progressive Change Campaign Committee PAC. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2023.