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| Elections in Illinois |
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The 2000 United States House of Representatives election for the 1st district in Illinois took place on November 7, 2000 to elect a representative from Illinois's 1st congressional district for the 107th United States Congress. Incumbent Democratic Representative Bobby Rush faced a primary challenge from Illinois Senator and future President Barack Obama. Rush defeated Obama 61 percent to 30 percent, with other candidates combining for the remaining nine percent. Rush later defeated his Republican opponent, Raymond Wardingley, 88 percent to 12 percent, ensuring his reelection. Subsequent to this election, Obama was elected to the Senate in 2004, and later elected President in 2008.
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Does your vote count? The Electoral College explained - Christina Greer
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Transcription
Most people have heard of the Electoral College during presidential election years. But what exactly is the Electoral College? Simply said, it is a group of people appointed by each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. To understand how this process began and how it continues today, we can look at the Constitution of the United States: article two, section one, clause two of the constitution. It specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors in each presidential election. How do they decide on the number 538? Well, the number of electors is equal to the total voting membership of the United States Congress. 435 representatives, plus 100 senators, and 3 electors from the District of Columbia. Essentially, the Democratic candidate and Republican candidate are each trying to add up the electors in every state so that they surpass 270 electoral votes, or just over half the 538 votes, and win the presidency. So how do states even get electoral votes? Each state receives a particular number of electors based on population size. The census is conducted every 10 years, so every time the census happens, states might gain or lose a few electoral votes. Let's say you're a voter in California, a state with 55 electoral votes. If your candidate wins in California, they get all 55 of the state's electoral votes. If your candidate loses, they get none. This is why many presidential candidates want to win states like Texas, Florida, and New York. If you currently add up the electoral votes of those three states, you would have 96 electoral votes. Even if a candidate won North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire. Connecticut and West Virginia, they would only gain 31 electoral votes total from those eight states. Here is where it can get a little tricky. On a rare occasion, like in the year 2000, someone can win the popular vote but fail to gain 270 electoral votes. This means that the winner may have won and collected their electoral votes by small margins, winning just enough states with just enough electoral votes, but the losing candidate may have captured large voter margins in the remaining states. If this is the case, the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would add up to over 50% of the ballots cast nationally. Therefore, the losing candidate may have gained more than 50% of the ballots cast by voters, but failed to gain 270 of the electoral votes. Some critics of the electoral college argue the system gives an unfair advantage to states with large numbers of electoral votes. Think of it this way. It is possible for a candidate to not get a single person's vote -- not one vote -- in 39 states, or the District of Columbia, yet be elected president by winning the popular vote in just 11 of these 12 states: California, New York, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia or Virginia. This is why both parties pay attention to these states. However, others argue that the electoral college protects small states such as Rhode Island, Vermont and New Hampshire, and even geographically large states with small populations like Alaska, Wyoming and the Dakotas. That's because a candidate can't completely ignore small states, because in a close election, every electoral vote counts. There are certain states that have a long history of voting for a particular party. These are known as "safe states." For the past four election cycles -- in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008 -- Democrats could count on states like Oregon, Maryland, Michigan and Massachusetts, whereas the Republicans could count on states like Mississippi, Alabama, Kansas and Idaho. States that are teetering between between parties are called "swing states." In the past four election cycles, Ohio and Florida have been swing states, twice providing electoral votes for a Democratic candidate, and twice providing electoral votes for a Republican candidate. Think about it. Do you live in a safe state? If so, is it a Democratic or Republican safe state? Do you live in a swing state? Are your neighboring states swing or safe? Is the population in your state increasing or decreasing? And do not forget, when you are watching the electoral returns on election night every four years and the big map of the United States is on the screen, know that the magic number is 270 and start adding.
District
Illinois's 1st congressional district is a minority-majority district. At the time of the election, 65 percent of its constituents were African American.[1] In redistricting after the 1990 United States census, the district was extended into the suburbs for the first time in 90 years, but a majority of the districts' residents (70%) lived in Chicago.[2] A strongly Democratic district, only twice since 1966 has a Republican candidate for United States Congress received over 20% of the vote.[3]
Background
Rush was involved in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. He was a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and a former member and founder of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party.[1] After coordinating a medical clinic that treated sickle cell anemia, Rush served as an alderman and was first elected to represent Illinois's 1st district in 1992. Rush ran for Mayor of Chicago against Richard M. Daley in 1999 and lost, receiving only 28% of the vote, making him appear electorally vulnerable.[1]
Obama, at age 38, was a lecturer at the University of Chicago and a two-term state Senator. Though friends, including Terry Link, his colleague in the Illinois Senate, warned Obama against challenging Rush, as there was no obvious reason to displace him to the voters,[1] Obama ran anyway because of his frustration with what he claimed was Republican obstructionism in the Illinois Legislature and the feeling Rush was representing the district less well than he could.[1] Also challenging Rush were Donne Trotter, a state senator, and George Roby, a police officer.[4] Raymond Wardingley, a perennial candidate who worked as a clown, ran unopposed for the Republican nomination.[4][5]
Obama's campaign
Obama entered the race in late September 1999, six months before the primary, stating that Rush represented "a politics that is rooted in the past, a reactive politics that isn’t good at coming up with concrete solutions." He promised to build consensus and lead coalitions involving people outside of the black community to reduce crime, improve health care coverage, promote economic development and expand educational opportunities.[1]
Early polling showed Rush's name recognition started off at 90 percent, with Obama's at 11 percent.[1] Rush had 70 percent approval, while Obama had 8 percent approval. In the head-to-head matchup, forty-seven percent of the people polled favored Rush, 10 percent favored Obama, and 5 percent supported Trotter, who is also African American. Most of Obama's support came from White Americans.[1]
In mid-October, Rush's son, Huey, was murdered, leading Obama to put his campaign on hold.[1] Governor George Ryan called the Illinois Legislature to a special session to re-enact a package of gun control bills, a pet issue of Rush, which had been overturned by the Illinois Supreme Court. Obama supported the package, but the session dragged on towards Christmas. Obama annually spent the Christmas vacation in Hawaii with his family visiting his grandmother, who raised him. Obama left Illinois, expecting the session would continue into January. However, a crucial vote took place earlier than expected, failing by five votes with Obama and others absent. Obama came under fire for missing the vote though he said he would have flown back sooner, but his 18-month-old daughter was sick.[1] Meanwhile, Rush received an outpouring of sympathy that aided his campaign.[6]
As Obama lived in Hyde Park, a more affluent neighborhood with a higher percentage of White voters than the rest of the district, the narrative of the race became "the Black Panther against the professor."[1] Obama frequently came off as uptight.[7] Rush criticized Obama: "Barack Obama went to Harvard and became an educated fool. We’re not impressed with these folks with these Eastern elite degrees. Barack is a person who read about the civil-rights protests and thinks he knows all about it."[8] Trotter said, "Barack is viewed in part to be the white man in blackface in our community."[7][9] Though the Chicago Tribune endorsed Obama,[4] many, including local officials, President Bill Clinton, and Vice President Al Gore, the Democratic Party nominee for President, endorsed Rush.[1] Then-State Representative Tom Dart supported Obama and organized on his behalf in the 19th ward.[10]
Obama raised enough money to remain competitive with Rush.[1][9] However, he neither connected with the working-class African Americans of the district nor provided a convincing reason for them to vote against Rush.[1] Obama later wrote: "Less than halfway into the campaign, I knew in my bones that I was going to lose. Each morning from that point forward I awoke with a vague sense of dread, realizing that I would have to spend the day smiling and shaking hands and pretending that everything was going according to plan."[11]
Results
Primary elections
Rush defeated Obama in the primary election, held on March 21, 2000, by a 2-to-1 margin. Wardingley won the Republican Party nomination.[12]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bobby Rush | 59,599 | 61.03 | ||
| Democratic | Barack Obama | 29,649 | 30.36 | ||
| Democratic | Donne Trotter | 6,915 | 7.08 | ||
| Democratic | George Roby | 1,501 | 1.54 | ||
| Majority | 29,950 | 30.66 | |||
| Total votes | 97,664 | 100 | |||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Raymond Wardingley | 2,721 | 100 | ||
General election
Rush defeated Wardingley in the general election.[13]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bobby Rush | 172,271 | 87.81 | ||
| Republican | Raymond Wardingley | 23,915 | 12.19 | ||
| Majority | 148,356 | 75.62 | |||
| Democratic hold | |||||
Aftermath
Obama later said about his loss to Rush "I got my rear end handed to me"[1] and acknowledged his own hubris.[9] However, many analysts believe that Obama's loss helped him to learn from his mistakes, which enabled him to run more successful campaigns in 2004 and 2008.[1][7][9] Obama was seen as a stiff policy wonk, and he used the experience to hone his ability to connect with voters.[1] According to Chicago City Council member Toni Preckwinkle, an early Obama supporter, Obama "took a hard look at himself after that campaign and became a much better campaigner, more at ease on the campaign trail."[9] He put more effort into his campaign, hiring David Axelrod as his chief political strategist.[1] Also, Obama increased his focus on the Illinois Senate, improving his legislative accomplishments.[7]
In 2004, Obama was the keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention.[14] After his speech, political pundits speculated about his future as a possible presidential candidate.[15] After being elected to the United States Senate that year, and amid much speculation in the media regarding his future plans, Obama announced that he would seek the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination in February 2007[16][17] and went on to defeat fellow senator Hillary Clinton in one of the closest presidential nomination races in American history.[18] He then defeated John McCain, also a senator, in the general election to become President of the United States.[19] He was re-elected in 2012.
See also
Bibliography
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 656. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "In 2000, a Streetwise Veteran Schooled a Bold Young Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
- ^ Tarr, David R., ed. (2003). Congressional Districts in the 2000s: A Portrait of America. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 296. ISBN 1-56802-849-0.
- ^ Based on general election results beginning in 1968, Guide to U.S. Elections (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56802-981-0.
- ^ a b c "Campaign Briefing". The New York Times. March 21, 2000. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
- ^ Fusco, Chris (October 24, 2000). "Underdogs look for upset wins". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 18. Retrieved July 12, 2012. (subscription required)
- ^ Kleine, Ted (March 17, 2000). "Is Bobby Rush in trouble?". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c d McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama learned to be a natural". Salon.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
- ^ Remnick, David (November 17, 2008). "The Joshua Generation: Race and the campaign of Barack Obama". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). "Obama learned from failed Congress run". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
- ^ Houlihan Kennedy, Bridget (February 22, 2010). Chicago's South Side Irish Parade. p. 96. ISBN 9780738577227.
- ^ Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
- ^ a b c "Ballots cast: Primary Election - 3/21/2000". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ a b "Ballots cast: GENERAL ELECTION - 11/7/2000". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ "Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights". Newsweek. August 2, 2004. pp. 48–51. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007). "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News Online. February 10, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). "Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC News Online. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
This page was last edited on 1 November 2023, at 21:04