Đọc kinh

Catholics at a Ho Chi Minh City church, praying Hail Mary in đọc kinh style

Đọc kinh (Vietnamese: [ʔɗawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kïŋ˧˧]) is the Vietnamese Catholic term for reciting a prayer or sacred text. In communal worship settings, đọc kinh is characterized by cantillation, or the ritual chanting of prayers and responses.^[1]^[2] To Westerners, this form of prayer can be mistaken for song.

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Usage

Within the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, Vietnamese liturgical practise is distinct in its extensive use of cantillation: all prayers and responses during the Mass are either sung or chanted, but never spoken.^[2] Thus, the Lord's Prayer is recited differently during the Mass than in a private setting. Gregorian chant is not used in a Vietnamese-language Mass; it is entirely omitted from Vietnamese translations of the Roman Missal and Order of Mass.^[3]

It is suspected that cantillation in Lao and Hmong Catholic liturgies is due to Vietnamese influence. Cantillation is far from universal among tonal languages, but Fuzhou Catholics in Fujian have a similar practise.^[3]

Structure

Vietnamese cantillation is neither composed nor improvised; it follows a formula in which each of the Vietnamese language's six tones corresponds to a specific note or sequence.^[4] Depending on the diocese, tones are organized along a scale of two or three notes (dấu trụ).^[5] The note for sắc is at least as high as the note for ngang, which in turn is higher than the note for huyền and nặng. The hỏi and ngã tones are vocalized as a melisma from a lower note to a higher note. For example:^[6]

Tone	Note(s)
ngang	mi (E)
sắc	mi (E)
huyền	si (B)
nặng	re (D)
hỏi	re–mi (D–E)
ngã	re–mi (D–E)

Parishes in the former West Tonkin diocese use the three-note scale of fa-sol-la, so the incipit of the Hail Mary is rendered:^[7]

${ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative g' { \autoBeamOff a8 f8 g8 g8 g8 f8 g8 a8 a8 a8 f8 f16[ g16] f8 f8 } \addlyrics { Kính mừng Ma -- ri -- a đầy ơn phúc, Đức Chúa Trời ở __ cùng Bà } }$

References

^ Kiều, Tùng Công (2009). A Project on Developing Catholic Liturgical Music in Vietnam (PDF) (S.T.M.). Boston University. pp. 71–72. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Zaragoza, Rufino (November 2001). "The Sacred Sound of Đọc Kinh: Exploring the Sonic World of Vietnamese Chanting". Ministry & Liturgy. San Jose, California: Resource Publications. Archived from the original on 2002-01-05. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Nguyễn Xuân Thảo; Zaragoza, Rufino (March 1, 2012). "Doc Kinh: A Vietnamese Sonic Landscape" (PDF). Pastoral Music. National Association of Pastoral Musicians. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
^ Reyes, Adelaida (1999). Songs of the Caged, Songs of the Free: Music and the Vietnamese Refugee Experience. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1-56639-685-9.
^ Ngọc Kôn (2012). "Sáng tác Đáp ca & Đối ca" [Composing Responsoria & Antiphona] (PDF). Thánh Nhạc Ngày Nay (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: 12–13.
^ Gioan Trân Nguyễn, OFM (presider) (September 19, 2021). "Kinh Khẩn Cầu Thánh Giuse Trong Cơn Đại Dịch" [Prayer to St. Joseph in Time of Pandemic]. Trực Tuyến 8:30AM Thánh Lễ Chúa Nhật 19/09/2021 - Tuần XXV Mùa Thường Niên B [Online 8:30 AM Sunday Mass 9/19/2021 - 25th Week of Ordinary Time, Year B] (livestream) (in Vietnamese). San Jose, California: Our Lady of La Vang Parish. 13 minutes in. Retrieved September 19, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Khổng Vĩnh Thành. "Thánh Vịnh Đáp Ca: Hát, Ngâm, hay Đọc?" [Responsorial Hymns: Song, Declamation, or Recitation?] (PDF). Hương Trầm (in Vietnamese). Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City (11): 14–15. Retrieved June 10, 2013 – via VietCatholic News.