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Timeline of Chilean history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on the
History of Chile
Chili, from Atlas Van der Hagen
Timeline • Years in Chile
Early history
Colonial times
Nation-building
Republican period
Parliamentary period
Presidential period
Pinochet regime
Contemporary
Related topics

This is a timeline of Chilean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

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Transcription

Male: What I'm going to talk about in this video is one of the darker periods in Chilean history and depending on your point of view, also one of the darker periods in American history. What I want to make clear in this video, and it applies to every video I'll make in history, is be skeptical of everything that I'm telling you. I'm going to do my best attempt to give a reasonably accurate series of events and draw connections when they're clear and also make it clear where there might be connections and no one is sure. But you should be skeptical and frankly you should be skeptical of anything anyone is telling you. I encourage y'all to kind of use this as a scaffold for your own research, for you to look up these names and these events and figure out what actually happened. Now, with that said, let's rewind back to 1970 when Chile was having an election for president. And they have their election and it's considered a fairly free and fair election, and one of the candidates in that election was this gentleman over here, Salvadore Allende, who was a known Marxist. A known Marxist. He has communist ideologies here. He's known to be sympathetic to what has happened in Cuba, sympathetic to the Soviets. So you can imagine in this context America is concerned. It's in the middle of the cold war. You have Richard Nixon President. You have Henry Kissinger is his Secretary of State. They're actively watching this election. They clearly do not want Salvadore Allende to become president. All of a sudden a major country in Latin America being controlled by a Marxist. Unlucky for them, Salvadore Allende actually does get more votes than everyone else. He gets 36% of the votes, which is a plurality. Just so you know what plurality means, it means that you got more of the votes than anyone else but not necessarily the majority of the votes. If he'd gotten 51% of the votes that would be a majority. In this case, he didn't get a majority and the standard procedure in Chile is that if no one gets a majority it goes to Congress and Congress picks who's president. The usual thing that they would do is they would pick whoever has the largest amount of votes. They normally didn't do a runoff. So, you can imagine Nixon and Kissinger they're worried. So they kind of get into let's mess with what's going on in Chile mode. And this part is well established that they had this what they called a track one strategy of actually trying to get the Chilean congress to not do what they normally do, to not pick the guy with the largest number of votes. So, they were trying to mess there, didn't seem like something they would be able to pull off. The other thing that it looks like they started to kind of get involved with through the CIA is they started to at least interface, it's not clear how much they actually supported, they actually started to talk to people in the military and see how likely is a coup to happen. How likely is Allende to be overthrown if he becomes president? They were looking for people who could I guess keep this known Marxist from becoming president. And the number one problem was this guy right over here, the number one problem was this guy right over here. In this whole video I would say that Rene Schneider was the only unambiguously good guy in this video. He was the commander in chief of the Chilean military. He said, "Look, I don't care who becomes president. I don't care how much I disagree with him. I don't care how much pressure the Americans put on me or how much pressure the rest of the military puts on me, the role of the Chilean military is not to mess with politics." The called him the constitutionalist. "The role of the Chilean military is not to overthrow people when we don't like them. The role of the Chilean military is only to defend Chile. It's only to literally do ..." I guess you know what militaries are supposed to do what constitutions say the military is supposed to do. So, you can imagine that the people who wanted to overthrow Allende, now that it looks like he's coming to power. They said this guy is not a convenient guy to have in power. He doesn't like to play the way we play, even though maybe there were other elements in the military that did want to do that. So, this is what's a little bit unclear. You have this former general in the Chilean military who is clearly anti Allende, and he's also anti Schneider because this guy right here Roberto Viaux, he thinks that the military should be I guess actively overthrowing dictators and so there is some contact between him and the CIA. It seems like the CIA may have supplied some support to him and then maybe got a little bit freaked out that ... At least Kissinger might have gotten a little bit freaked out that this guy seemed a little bit extreme. But remember we're in this period where Allende was, he got 36% of the votes, Congress is trying to figure out what they do about it and during this period there are some people who say Well look, if Rene Schneider is not going to do, what's in their mind, the right thing and depose the eventual Allende then we'll have to depose Rene Schneider. So, you have this plot that's worked up by Roberto Viaux to essentially kidnap Rene Schneider. And that would essentially depose him from being head of the military and maybe they could put somebody in his place who is more likely to have a coup, more likely to want to overthrow Allende. Unfortunately, when this guy's people tried to kidnap Schneider, Schneider he's got a gun, he sees these guys kidnapping, he takes out the gun and then the kidnappers shoot him several times and he eventually dies. So, this kidnapping turns into an assasination of Rene Schneider and they wanted to kill him or remove him or whatever just because he essentially wanted to do his job. So he's the only person in this whole narrative where I'll say he was an unambiguous good guy. Now, what's not clear is how much involvement the Americans or the CIA had in supporting this kind of assassination or this kidnapping of Scheider. It does look like they kind of knew that something was going on. This is a quote from Kissinger. Seems pretty well substantiated. Where he told Nixon a few days before Schneider was assassinated when Nixon said hey what's going on in Chile? Are we working on any ways through the military and are we doing anything about potentially maybe about Schneider. I don't know look that up for yourself. I don't know how much Nixon may or may not have known. Kissinger told Nixon, "This looks hopeless. I turned it off. Nothing could be worse than an aborted coup." So this quote is interesting because it looks like they thought about it. I turned it off. Which implies that at one point he had it turned on. So at one point they were actively thinking about working with Roberto Viaux maybe to kidnap Schneider, maybe to orchestrate a coup against Allende, but they turned it off. So, they're not morally above doing this kind of thing, but they decided that this guy was a little bit ... Was not as competent as maybe they thought he should, and at least according to Kissinger he's saying we turned it off because nothing could be worse than an abortive coup. It turned out that's exactly what happened because as soon as this guy got killed everyone was like oh my God you have all these shady elements who are trying to overthrow democracy and that actually put more pressure on Congress to say hey we have to let Allende become president. So, in November he gets inaugurated president. November Allende becomes president. There's a bunch of different stories here how much the CIA was involved. The counter argument is look the CIA would not have wanted to assassinate Schneider because this would have only made Allende all the more popular. They would have only maybe wanted to remove him and put someone else there who was more likely to have a coup against Allende later. Who knows. If you believe Kissinger's words here it looks like maybe they provided some initial support to Viaux and then they backed off a little bit. Who knows. Well, regardless to say by November of 1970 Salvadore Allende became president, and he started implementing his kind of Marxist ideology and it didn't go that well. Chile's economy especially if you fast forward to 1972, 1973, not doing so well. He started price-fixing. He tried to do the fairly naive approach of raising salaries while keeping prices fixed, which will obviously lead to shortages. So, all around he wasn't the most popular president. It didn't look like it, especially his economic policies wereworking out that well. People who were pro Allende would say well look just like what the United States did to Cuba they started doing to Chile as soon as they had a Marxist in charge, someone they didn't like. The United States started swinging its huge economic power around to kind of hurt the Chilean economy so that this guy would come out of power. I'll let you decide that. You fastforward all the way to 1973 so now Allende has been in power for about three years, things are not going well for him. There are strikes going on. He tries to clamp down on the media a bit. There is unrest. There are people who definitely don't want him to be president anymore, and the people who don't think much of the United States will say hey but the United States the whole time was kind of actively undermining Allende and that's probably true. The United States will say no look we were trying to keep the press free. This guy was clamping down on free press. We were trying to keep things so that there will be another election so that this guy won't turn into another Fidel Castro and essentially just turn Chile into a totalitarian communist regime. Regardless of which side you take, on September 11, 1973, Allende is deposed. The military surrounds the presidential palace and it is said that he commits "suicide." I put that in quotes because once again some people believe that he really did commit suicide. Some people believe that he was assassinated, and some accounts say that he committed suicide with an automatic weapon and well I guess you could commit suicide with an automatic weapon but it doesn't seem like the weapon of choice for many peoples, but I'll leave that once again for you to decide. Whether or not he committed suicide or whether he was killed, but regardless to say September 11 he gets thrown out of power and once again it's not clear what role the CIA played. They clearly were sympathetic to the people that wanted to overthrow him. Clearly were providing indirect support throughout Allende's regime to all of the people who were anti Allende, and you can look up. There actually are some declassified documents that hint at what the level of CIA involvement might have been. Regardless to say, Allende deposed and this gentleman, this gentleman comes to power right over here, Augusto Pinochet. And he comes to power and he says look you know this democracy thing is silly. I am the president. I am the commander in chief. Chile will be run by military junta. Let me write that down. Chile will be run by a junta. A junta just means a government that's run by the military. It's a military dictatorship. The military is now in charge of Chile. We don't need people to do silly things like voting anymore. And you can imagine Nixon didn't care so much that this guy didn't like democracy but he was happy. Let me see if I can put a smile on his face. He was happy that at least Pinochet was not a Marxist, that at least we had stopped the spread of communism in Latin America. And Nixon, with that said, and this is explicit, he wanted everything in his power to make Augusto Pinochet successful especially from an economic point of view. So, the United States does start supporting Pinochet. He's viewed as kind of an American friend. Unfortunately for America and unfortunately for Chile, this guy is one of those big time tyrants in history. So, he is a tyrant. He starts rounding up people. He starts killing people. He's one of those people that anything anyone...there was a whiff of communism, a whiff of political opposition he would round them up, he would round their family up. He would torture people, and just to kind of put some ... This is another picture of him when he's older. It's amazing how gentle some fairly evil people can look in the world. So I'll put some unambiguous horns on him. He killed many, many people and many, many people disappeared. Just to give an idea, these are some of the people who disappeared. It was anyone from people who were critical of him, people who were perceived to be left-leaning, whatever it was. He tortured including women and children and all the rest. So, all around bad guy. He stuck around in Chile as president until 1990. So, that's 17 years, and he really stayed in power until 1998 where he was commander and chief of the army. You can imagine if the military is in control President isn't that important of a title. Commander and chief is. So for 25 years he hung around Chile and continued to be this totalitarian guy, although he liked free markets. He was a capitalist in the traditional sense and the one I guess silver lining if you had to throw a silver lining on Pinochet's regime was that the Chilean economy actually did well during his regime. Chile is considered one of the success stories economically over that time period. So, I'll let you decide, and some people would say oh that's because Pinochet understood economics, he didn't try to do all this price fixing stuff that Allende tried to do. Regardless of the fact that he was a tyrant, at least the economy was doing well. The other side of the equation would be well look of course the economy did well, now you had the United States doing everything in its power, this huge the largest economy in the world, doing everything in its power to make sure that Chile's economy thrives while one of its buddies are in power. So, I'll let you decide who's right, who's wrong, what was the actual involvement of the CIA and Nixon and Kissinger and all of this mess over here. But I think needless to say that this was a not so pleasant chapter in I guess world history.

Pre-Columbian Chile

Year Date Event
c. 16500 BC Settlement of Monte Verde, the "earliest known human settlement in the Americas".[1]
c. 5050 BC Chinchorro culture practices funerary mummification, the first known example of this practice in the world.[2]
c. 1000–1150 Tiwanaku Empire collapses[3][4] ushering migratory and societal changes that reach as far south as Araucanía.[5][6]
1300–1399 Possible date for a Cunco-Huilliche migration to Chiloé Island.[7][8] Chonos were possibly displaced further such to places like Guaitecas Archipelago.[8]
1420 September 1 a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.[9][10]
1471–1493 Unknown At some point in this time interval the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches may have occurred.[11]

16th century

Year Date Event
1502 The Inca Emperor Túpac Yupanqui reached Itata River
1513 25 September Vasco Núñez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World; he calls it Mar del Sur.[12]
1520 October - November Explorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition finds the passage now known as the Strait of Magellan. In the process, they become the first Europeans to describe Chilean Patagonia and its inhabitants.[13]
1532 Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru from Panamá. He begins the Conquest of the Inca Empire and captures Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca.[14][15]
Unknown A possible date for the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches.[11]
1535 July - December Spanish Conquistador Diego de Almagro begins his expedition to the lands south of Peru through the eastern side of the Andes Mountains.[15]
1536 March - May Almagro's expedition crosses the Andes into the Copiapó River valley and explores the central region of Chile as far south as the Aconcagua River valley.[15]
Winter of 1536 Almagro sends an expedition under :es:Gómez de Alvarado southwards toward the Bio-Bio region. The expedition ends at the Battle of Reynogüelén, near the Itata River, being considered the first battle between Spaniards and Mapuches.[15]
1541 12 February Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now known as Santiago.[16]
25 April es:Lucas Martínez Vegaso founds Villa San Marcos de Arica, now known as Arica.[17]
11 September An uprising led by toqui Michimalonco attacks fledgling Santiago in an attempt to drive out the Spanish. Key actions undertaken by Inés de Suárez, the first Spanish woman to set foot in Chile, are attributed with avoiding the complete destruction of the outnumbered settlement.[18]
1544 September 4[A] es:Juan Bohón founds Villanueva de la Serena, now known as La Serena.[20]
1545 Foundation of the port of Arica. The port becomes a key staging point between the mines of Potosí in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) and Lima.[21]
1546 Mapuche child Lautaro is captured by the Spanish and made a yanacona. Eventually, Lautaro becomes personal page of Pedro de Valdivia.[22]
1550 5 October Pedro de Valdivia founds Concepción del Nuevo Extremo, now known as Concepción.[23]
1552 February 9 Founding of Valdivia.
Winter of 1552 Lautaro, after six years' imprisonment by the Spanish, escapes. He then teaches his people European warfare, including riding horses.
1553 December 25 Battle of Tucapel: Mapuches led by Lautaro defeat the Spanish at the ruins of Tucapel capturing Pedro de Valdivia who is then executed. A general Mapuche uprising develops under Lautaro.
1557 April 30 Battle of Mataquito: A Spanish force led by Francisco de Villagra defeats the forces of Lautaro, killing him amidst the battle. Caupolicán assumes the role of Mapuche toqui (wartime chief).
1558 Caupolicán is captured and executed by impalement.
27 March Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza founds San Mateo de Osorno, now known as Osorno.[24]
1564 April Concepción is unsuccessfully besieged by native Mapuches.
1565 August 27 The King of Spain decrees the creation of Real Audiencia in Concepción.
1567 12 February Chiloé Archipelago is claimed by Spain. Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Castro on the main island; the southernmost European settlement at that time.[25]
August 5 Real Audiencia in Concepción starts its functions. The Audiencia is abolished in 1575.
1570 February 8 Concepción is struck by an earthquake.[23]
1574 November 22 Spanish captain Juan Fernández discovers the Juan Fernández Islands.
1575 December 16 Earthquake in Valdivia causes extensive damage in Valdivia and surrounding cities of Villarrica, Osorno, and Castro. As in the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Riñihue Lake dams.[26]
1576 April The dam of San Pedro River burst flooding many settlements downstream including Valdivia.
1578 December Francis Drake attacks the coast of Chile during his circumnavigation of the earth; La Serena and Valparaíso are plundered.
1580 June 26 Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Chillán.[27]
1584 5 February Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds the settlement Nombre de Jesús on the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan.[28]
March 25 Gamboa founds the settlement Rey Don Felipe in the Strait of Magellan. By 1587 both settlements lay in ruins, leading English pirate Thomas Cavendish to dub Rey Don Felipe as Port Famine.[28]
1598 December 23 Battle of Curalaba: Governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola killed in a Mapuche ambush.
1599 The Real Situado, an annual payment of silver from Potosí to Chile, is established.

17th century

Year Date Event
1600 February 16 Huaynaputina begins its catastrophic eruption.
April 19 In the Battle of Castro a Spanish force defeat and expel Huilliche rebels and Dutch corsairs from Castro.
1602 General uprising of the Mapuches under Pelantaro. All cities south of the Bío-Bío River are demolished, in what is now called Destruction of the Seven Cities.
1604 A fort established in 1602 at the ruins of Valdivia is abandoned.
1608 Jesuits establishes themselves in Chiloé Archipelago.
1612 Beginning of the Defensive War phase (promoted by Luis de Valdivia) in the Arauco War.
1613 Jesuits from Chiloé reach Guayaneco Archipelago for the first time.[29]
1639 The alcabala is reestablished after it had been suspended since the Disaster of Curalaba in 1598.
1640 Llaima begins an eruption.[30]
1641 January 6 The first Parliament of Quillín is held.[31]
The first large shipment of Fitzroya wood leaves Chiloé Archipelago.[32]
1643 May 20 A Dutch expedition led by plunders Carelmapu and Castro soon after. Governor of Chiloé Andrés Herrera dies in battle and is replaced by Fernando de Alvarado.[33]
August 28 The Dutch, now led by Elias Herckmans, establish a base at the ruins of Valdivia.[34]
October 28 The Dutch retreat from Valdivia to Constantino Island and then to Dutch Brazil.
1644 April 30 Captain Juan de Acevedo departs to investigate about the Dutch presence in Valdivia, entering the site of the ruins and finding they have left.[35]
1645 Repopulation of Valdivia and construction of the Valdivian Fort System. Valdivia comes under direct rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1647 May 13 Santiago is struck by a devastating earthquake.[36]
1651 January 24 The Parliament of Boroa is held.
March 21 Spanish ship San José with provisions aimed for Valdivia wrecks of the coast south of Valdivia. Its surviving crew is killed by local Cuncos.[37]
1654 January 11 A Spanish army led by Juan de Salazar is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile.[38]
1655 February 14 Mapuches launch a general insurrection creating turmoil as far north as Maule River, far beyond the ordinary frontier.
1656 January 20 New governor Pedro Porter Casanate defeat a Mapuche army at the battle of Conuco.
1660 Military leader Alejo is murdered by his two wives.
1664 The Viceroalty of Peru estimates 30,000 to 42,000 Spaniards to have died in Chile of which half would have died by the direct consequences of the Arauco War.
1667 Governor Francisco de Meneses is destituted after accusations of immorality against him.
1670 December 31 The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.[39]
1671 January The Parliament of Malloco is held.
1672 Jesuits established in Chiloé founds the Mission of Nahuel Huapi across the Andes.
1674 November 30 Bartolomé Gallardo's expedition reaches the mouth of San Tadeo River after crossing the isthmus of Ofqui.
1675 November 28 The Antonio de Vea expedition departs from Chiloé to explore the fjords and channels of Patagonia.[40][41]
1676 January 26 The Antonio de Vea expedition returns to the shipyard of Chiloé.[42]
February 17 Sixteen expeditionaries are seen for the last time while attempting to reach Evangelistas Islets.
1680 December 13 Bartholomew Sharp destroys and pillages La Serena.
1681 By royal decree, the Atacama desert is declared to be the border between the Captain-Generalship of Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1684 Valdivia's original site, downtown of modern Valdivia is repopulated.
1687 October 20 Peru is struck by a major earthquake and stem rust plague. These events marks the beginning of an era of Chilean wheat exports to Peru.

18th century

Year Date Event
1709 Alexander Selkirk, the inspiration for Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, is rescued from the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago.
1712 10 February A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the Chiloé Archipelago.
1717 The Jesuit mission at Nahuel Huapi Lake is destroyed.[43]
1722 5 April Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is discovered by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen.
1723 After 30 years of peace, the War of Arauco resumes with a Mapuche uprising.
1726 A Mapuche-Spanish peace treaty is signed at a parliament in Negrete.
1737 December 24 A violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami strike Valdivia and Chiloé.[44]
1740 Valdivia is reincorporated as part of the Captaincy General of Chile.
1741 HMS Wager is wrecked off the coast of Western Patagonia.
1742 Martín Olleta rescue the survivors of HMS Wager and hands them over to Spanish authorities.[45]
1749 A fort and prison is established on Robinson Crusoe Island of Juan Fernández Archipelago.[46]
1751 25 May A violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami completely destroy the city of Concepción.[23] The earthquake causes severe destruction to cities as far away as Talca.
1759 January 27 Cuncos and Huilliches defeat a Spanish expedition aiming to build a fort on Bueno River.
1766 December 25 The Arauco War resumes with a large Mapuche uprising.
1767 February An agreement between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1766–1767.[47]
August 26 Jesuits all over Chile are arrested as the Spanish Empire suppresses the Society of Jesus.[48]
1768 August 20 Ancud is founded. Chiloé becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1769 Pehuenches attack Spanish settlements in Isla del Laja.[47]
1771 The Franciscan order assumes the religious functions of the Jesuits in Chiloé.
October Jesuit properties in Chile begin to be auctioned.[49]
1776 The territories of Cuyo, previously governed as part of Chile, become part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. (See History of Argentina.)
1778 Direct commerce between Chile and Spain is allowed.
1788 May Ambrosio O'Higgins, father of future Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins, is named governor of Chile.[50]
Caicumeo, a road across forests and swamps that connects Castro with Ancud is opened.[51]
1784 La Moneda Palace begins construction in Santiago.
1789 Start of the French Revolution, which affected Europe and the Americas with its ideas.
1792 A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the surroundings of Río Bueno.
1793 The parliaments of Negrete and Las Canoas between Spanish and native Mapuche and Huilliche are celebrated. The native chiefs accept the Spanish king as their de jure sovereign, but their own independence is also confirmed.
1796 13 January Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins officially begins the repopulation of Osorno atop the city ruins discovered in 1792. The city had previously been destroyed by the indigenous mapuche in 1602.[24]

19th century

Year Date Event
1805 Rafael de Sobremonte, the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, sends the first smallpox vaccines to Santiago and Lima. Friar es:Pedro Manuel Chaparro administers the vaccine throughout Santiago.[52][53]
1807 December The South American branch, under Manuel Julián Grajales, of the Real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition) reaches Santiago. Grajales proceeds to organize the Junta Central de Vacuna (Central Vaccine Board) to reinforce the smallpox immunization efforts of 1805.[52][53]
1808 Francisco Antonio García Carrasco is the unpopular Governor of Chile. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII is imprisoned by Napoleon during his invasion of Spain.
1810 Imitating the juntista movement of the rest of Latin America, the criollos (people of Spanish ancestry, but not born in Spain) of Santiago de Chile proclaim a governing Junta.
1811 April 1 Tomás de Figueroa leads a failed a mutiny to restore colonial order in Santiago.
September 4 José Miguel Carrera leads a successful coup d'état in Chile.
October 7 Near Vallenar the silver deposit of Agua Amarga is discovered.[54]
December 2 The congress of Chile is dissolved and José Miguel Carrera initiates a dictatorship.
1812 Hostilities begin between the moderados, led by Bernardo O'Higgins, and the exaltados, led by Carrera. Carrera institutes the first Chilean national symbols (flag, coat of arms, and national anthem), and Fray Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the Aurora de Chile, the first Chilean newspaper. The Chilean Constitution of 1812 comes into effect. Founding of the Logia Lautaro.
1813 The Spanish send military expeditions (under Antonio Pareja and Gabino Gaínza) from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In the ensuing battles O'Higgins rises to be seen as a figure of great stature, overshadowing the continually less popular Carrera, who ultimately resigns. Francisco de la Lastra becomes Supreme Director.
1814 The "Disaster of Rancagua". Mariano Osorio, in command of a third Spanish expedition, defeats O'Higgins (October 1 – 2). Osorio reconquers Santiago for Spain. Exodus of Chilean patriots to Mendoza, Argentina, where they receive the support of José de San Martín. Those patriots who remain in Chile are captured by the Spaniards are deported to the Juan Fernández Islands. Osorio is confirmed Governor of Chile by the Viceroy Fernando de Abascal of Peru. The talaveras, under the command of San Bruno, install a regime of terror extending to those merely suspected of sympathy for the Chilean cause.
1815 Guerrilla resistance against the Spanish begins, led by Manuel Rodríguez Erdoiza, and other spies such as Justo Estay. Increasing enmity between Osorio and Abascal leads Abascal to replace Osorio with Casimiro Marcó del Pont.
1817 Battle of Chacabuco. José de San Martín and O'Higgins defeat Rafael Maroto, reconquering Santiago. Captain San Bruno, hated chief of the talaveras, is captured and — less than 24 hours later — executed by firing squad. O'Higgins becomes dictator.
1818 O'Higgins signs the Chilean Declaration of Independence (February 12). Shortly afterwards, in the Battle of Maipú, O'Higgins defeats a new military expedition led by Mariano Osorio, and Chile definitively obtains independence from Spain (April 5). The rivalry between O'Higgins and Manuel Rodríguez ends with the ambush and assassination of the latter in Tiltil. The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Argentina.
1820 Valdivia is captured by Lord Cochrane who commands the Chilean navy. The Freedom Expedition of Perú is organised by the government of Chile, and manages to free some parts of Peru from Spanish rule.
1821 José Miguel Carrera arrested as a montonero (mounted rebel/bandit) in Argentina, and executed in Mendoza.
1822 The Chilean Constitution of 1822 comes into effect.
1823 Ramón Freire leads a military expedition from Concepción to Santiago and forces O'Higgins to resign. He goes into exile in Peru, where he dies in 1842. Freire assumes power.
1825 Taking advantage of the un-surveyed border, and ignoring the royal decree of 1681 and the principal uti possidetis, Simón Bolívar grants the port of Cobija to Bolivia. This gives Bolivia an outlet to the sea between Chile and Peru, which it will retain until the War of the Pacific.
1826 Freire incorporates Chiloé, the last area under Spanish control, into Chile. He later resigns, initiating an interregnum known as The Anarchy. First attempt in Chile of federal (as against centralized) government, led by the first president of Chile Manuel Blanco Encalada, and the federalist José Miguel Infante.
1828 Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes power after the resignation of Encalada and his predecessors. Chilean Constitution of 1828.
1829 Chilean Civil War of 1829. After several battles, Joaquín Prieto defeats Ramón Freire in the Battle of Lircay.
1830 Diego Portales begins to remodel Chilean institutions, converting the country into an authoritarian republic.
1831 José Joaquín Prieto becomes president of Chile. He will serve two consecutive five-year terms. With him, the so-called decenios (decade-long reigns) begin, which continue until 1871. This 30-year Conservative Party hegemony is sometimes referred to as the Authoritarian Republic.
1832 Discovery of mineral deposits in Chañarcillo, and the beginning of the rise of silver in what was then el Norte Chico and now constitutes the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The mining fortunes constitute an important source of power in the following decades.
1833 Chilean Constitution of 1833. "Portalian" — that is, inspired by Diego Portales — definitively fixed Chilean institutions.[clarification needed]
1834 Charles Darwin lands at Valparaíso, during the second voyage of HMS Beagle. He also visits Santiago.
1835 Southern Chile is affected by the worst earthquake for several decades on 20 February, an event witnessed by Charles Darwin.[55] Darwin visits Valdivia, Concepción and Mendoza.
1836 Diego Portales declares the war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation.
1837 Diego Portales is assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Quillota. A Chilean military expedition debarks in Perú, beginning the War of the Confederation.
November 17 An earthquake strikes Valdivia and Chiloé. The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck Hawaii, what is now French Polynesia and Japan.[44]
1839 Battle of Yungay and defeat of the Confederation.
1840 The Vatican acknowledges the Independence of Chile
1841 Manuel Bulnes, victorious marshal of the Battle of Yungay, elected president of Chile.
1843 September 17 The University of Chile is founded.
September 21 The crew of Ancud takes formal possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of Chile.[56]
1844 Spain recognizes the Independence of Chile
1848 Founding of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan
1851 José María de la Cruz revolts in the southern provinces of Chile. Bulnes crushes the revolutionary attempt and signs the treaty of Purapel with the revolutionaries. Manuel Montt becomes the third of the decenal presidents.
November 17 Mutiny of Cambiazo: Mutineers led by José Miguel Cambiazo ravages the nascent settlement of Punta Arenas.[57]
1853 12 February The city of Puerto Montt is founded.
1856 The Dispute of Sacristán ("Cuestión del Sacristán"). An apparently trivial question of ecclesiastical discipline divides the Conservative Party into secular and ultra-Catholic factions, which lays the ground for their political defeat in the elections of 1861.
1857 The Civil Code of Chile comes into effect; it will become a model for Latin American legal codes down to the present day.
1859 Chilean Revolution of 1859. Pedro León Gallo, radical revolutionary of Copiapó, and others are defeated by the government forces. However, as a consequence, Antonio Varas renounces to his candidature.
1861 José Joaquín Pérez of the Liberal Party elected president. His party will retain power until the Chilean Revolution of 1891.
1863 A French adventurer proclaims himself Orélie Antoine I, King of Araucanía. After a short time he is arrested by the Chileans and deported in the pacification of Araucanía.
1866 Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia at war with Spain. The port of Valparaíso is bombed by the Spanish. A treaty of limits (borders) of 1866 is signed with Bolivia.
1871 A constitutional reform prohibits re-election, resulting in the end of the decenios. Governments of five years duration persist until 1925, except for the premature death of Pedro Montt in 1910.
1874 Another treaty of limits is signed with Bolivia due to political tensions.
1879 The War of the Pacific begins with Chilean troops occupying the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Bolivia's ally Peru attempts to mediate, but Chile refuses to negotiate and Peru enters the war on the side of Bolivia. Chile captures the provinces of Antofagasta from Bolivia and Tarapacá from Peru.
1880 The United States attempts to mediate in the Lackawanna Conference, but both sides refuse to negotiate.
1881 Chilean troops occupy Lima, the capital of Perú. Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina.
1883 The Treaty of Ancón is signed with Perú to end the war, but hostilities with Bolivia continue. Law of Civil Matrimony adopted. This secularization was fiercely resisted by the Roman Catholic Church. The "Pacification of Araucanía" ends, and according to some historians this concludes the long-running War of Arauco.
1884 The War of the Pacific ends with the signing of a truce with Bolivia. Chile's territorial gains allow the mining of saltpeter in the conquered regions, leading to great national prosperity for Chile. Treaty called "Pacto de Tregua".
1888 June 21 The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is established.
September 9 Policarpo Toro ahead of a naval expedition takes possession of Easter Island.
November The pirate Pedro Ñancúpel is executed in Castro.[58]
1890 The Malleco Viaduct is opened and railway traffic expands further south during the following decades.
1891 1891 Chilean Civil War. The constitutional president José Manuel Balmaceda is overthrown by troops favorable to the National Congress. The beginning of "Parliamentarism".
1895 Easter Island is rented to Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua.

20th century

Year Date Event
1903 March 20 The first auction of sheep farming lands in the Magallanes Territory takes place.[59]
1905 October 22 The Meat riot in Santiago begins. The workers revolt against the central government due to an increase in the cost of living, including the price of meat. The government responds sending in the army. Two days of riots follow, during which hundreds of civilians are killed in street fighting.
1907 Massacre of the Escuela Santa María de Iquique; soldiers fire on saltpeter workers and their unarmed associates. It will be years before the workers, terrorized by the brutal repression, resume the struggle for their rights.
1910 Centenary of Chilean independence. Celebrations are darkened by the death of President Pedro Montt, the only president between 1831 and 1925 did not serve for a full five-year term.
1912 October 21 15 Mapuche-Huilliche are killed by Chilean police in the Forrahue massacre near Osorno.[60][61]
1914 15 August The Panama Canal opens; with Atlantic–Pacific shipping redirected to the new canal, the formerly crucial port of Valparaíso enters an economic decline.
1 November First World War: A German naval squadron decisively defeats a British squadron at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Chile.
1920 Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected president, indicating a rise to power by the Chilean middle classes.
1924 Chile's first income tax is levied.
1925 After intense political agitation the Chilean Constitution of 1925 is adopted, only slightly less authoritarian than that of 1833. The Impuesto Global Complementario, a graduated income tax, is introduced.
1927 In a bloodless coup, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo takes the presidency by force during great political instability. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931.

The corps of Carabineros — paramilitary police — is founded.

1928 1 December A magnitude 7.7 Mw earthquake strikes Talca.[62]
1929 The crash of 1929 begins to affect the Chilean economy. The World Economic Survey of the League of Nations estimated that Chile was the worst affected nation by the Great Depression.[63]
1930 21 March Fuerza Aérea de Chile (Chilean Air Force) founded.[64]
1931 The deep economic crisis obliges Ibáñez del Campo to step down. A series of civilian governments and military juntas follows, some of which last no more than a few days.
1932 The period of political anarchy ends with the return to power of Arturo Alessandri Palma.
1934 Women obtain the legal right to vote in municipal elections.[65]
1938 Massacre of Seguro Obrero: the Carabineros execute members of the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile (Nacistas), after the fascists attempted to oust the government in a coup d'état.
1939 The Radical Party gains power, which they will retain until 1952.
1940 President Pedro Aguirre Cerda registers the first Chilean claims in Antarctica.
1945 Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize for Literature.[66]
1946 Gabriel González Videla becomes president, backed by a broad alliance of parties, including the Radicals and Communists. Once in power, he accedes to pressure from the United States and promulgates the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy, also known as the Ley Maldita ("accursed law"). The law outlawed his former allies the Communists, some of whom were placed in concentration camps in Pisagua. Poet Pablo Neruda is hounded into exile.
1949 Women obtain the legal right to vote in both presidential and parliamentary elections.[65]
6 August First publication of Condorito comic in :es:Okey magazine.[67]
1952 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo returns to the presidency, this time via the ballot box, ending the era of the Radical Party.
1958 Argentine forces destroy a Chilean lighthouse during the Snipe incident.
1960 February First instance of the yearly Viña del Mar International Song Festival is organized.[68]
22 May The magnitude 9.5 Mw Great Chilean earthquake, the most intense earthquake ever recorded,[69] hits offshore near Valdivia.[70] The earthquake generated a tsunami which spread across the Pacific Ocean, affecting Chile,[71] Hawaii,[72] Japan,[72] the Philippines,[72] and New Zealand,[73] among many.
1962 30 May - 17 June Chile hosts the FIFA World Cup football competition.[74] The Chile national football team comes in 3rd; its highest ever placement in the competition.[75]
1964 Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva becomes president, proclaiming the so-called "Revolution in Liberty". His election campaign was largely (and secretly) funded by the CIA, an intelligence agency of the United States.
1970 4 September Salvador Allende is elected president; the first democratic election of a Marxist politician.[76] The election campaign was highly polarised and subject to covert interference by foreign intelligence agencies (the CIA[77] and KGB[78]). Allende's socialist and Marxist orientation[76] greatly displeased the government of the United States which directed resources to "prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him".[79]
25 October Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army René Schneider is assassinated in Santiago in an alleged kidnapping attempt. The group responsible received material support prior to and after the crime from the CIA.[80]
1971 Poet Pablo Neruda receives Nobel Prize for Literature.[81]
1973 The armed forces, carabineros, and others stage a violent coup by overthrowing Allende, who dies in the course of the coup. Some historians believe that the coup was supported or encouraged by the CIA. In the aftermath, Augusto Pinochet establishes himself as the head of a military junta. The subsequent repression of leftists and other opponents of the military regime results in approximately 130,000 arrests and at least 2,000 dead or "disappeared" over the next 17 years.
1977 Beagle conflict: The binding Beagle Channel Arbitration awards the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands to Chile.
1978 Beagle conflict: Argentina refuses to abide by the judgement and invades Chile in Operation Soberania. Argentine forces withdraw before any combat occurs.
1980 The military government promulgates the Chilean Constitution of 1980, which is adopted by plebiscite. Economic policy begins to be significantly influenced by the ideas of the Chicago School and of Neoliberalism. The United States oblige President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos to cancel a scheduled visit by President Pinochet to the Philippines.
1982 Chile provides non-combat support for British armed forces during the Falkland War.
1984 Beagle conflict: Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina is signed.
1988 Pinochet loses a plebiscite mandated by the constitution, which triggers elections the following year.
1990 Patricio Aylwin takes office as president after democratic elections. The Chilean transition to democracy begins.
1991 June 18 More than 90 people die in Antofagasta and Taltal as result of mudflows generated by unusual rainfall in the Atacama Desert.[82]
June 21 The volcano Mount Hudson erupts, in one of the world's largest volcanic eruptions of the twentieth century.
1994 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected president.
1998 During a visit to London for medical reasons, Augusto Pinochet is arrested in accord with the orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, beginning an international struggle between his supporters and detractors. He returns to Chile the following year, and the charges against him are later thrown out on the basis of his mental state. Chile suffers greatly from a world economic crisis, resulting in years of inflation and unemployment.
2000 In the second round of voting, in a tight contest with right wing candidate Joaquín Lavín, Ricardo Lagos Escobar is elected president.

21st century

Year Date Event
2001 Chile Promotes the death penalty for ordinary crimes.
30 November Eduardo Miño commits suicide by self-immolation in protest to government neglect of Pizarreño's asbestos victims.[83]
2002 Christianity was introduced to thousands of locals.
2004 The Supreme Court of Chile declares that Augusto Pinochet is mentally competent to stand trial.
2005 The Pinochet trial continues. The presidential election of December 11 puts Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera into a second round.
March 17 Death of Gavin King (Famous Explorer)
2006 December 10 Augusto Pinochet dies.
2007 April 5 Chile Helps Fund a Christian school in Austin,TX
2010 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake.
11 March Sebastián Piñera assumed office as President of Chile.
5 August – 13 October Copiapó mining accident.
2011 2011 student protests, and later massive protest claiming for better education and economic equality.
2014 Michelle Bachelet assumed office as President of Chile as the first woman to be reelected.
2017 July 16 Snowfall in the capital Santiago.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other possible dates for the founding of La Serena are November 15 and December 30, 1543.[19]

References

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Bibliography
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