To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Spiegelman's Monster

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Spiegelman's Monster is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase. It is named after its creator, Sol Spiegelman, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who first described it in 1965.

Description

Spiegelman introduced RNA from a simple bacteriophage Qβ (Qβ) into a solution which contained Qβ's RNA replicase, some free nucleotides, and some salts. In this environment, the RNA started to be replicated.[1][2] After a while, Spiegelman took some RNA and moved it to another tube with fresh solution. This process was repeated.[3]

Shorter RNA chains were able to be replicated faster, so the RNA became shorter and shorter as selection favored speed. After 74 generations, the original strand with 4,500 nucleotide bases ended up as a dwarf genome with only 218 bases. This short RNA sequence replicated very quickly in these unnatural circumstances.

Further work

M. Sumper and R. Luce of Manfred Eigen's laboratory replicated the experiment, except without adding RNA, only RNA bases and Qβ replicase. They found that under the right conditions the Qβ replicase can spontaneously generate RNA which evolves into a form similar to Spiegelman's Monster.[4]

Eigen built on Spiegelman's work and produced a similar system further degraded to just 48 or 54 nucleotides—the minimum required for the binding of the replication enzyme, this time a combination of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and T7 RNA polymerase.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Spiegelman, S., Haruna, I., Holland, I.B., Beaudreau, G. & Mills, D. (1965). "The Synthesis of a Self-propagating and Infectious Nucleic Acid with a Purified Enzyme". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 54 (3): 919–927. Bibcode:1965PNAS...54..919S. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.3.919. PMC 219765. PMID 5217468.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Mills, D. R., R. L. Peterson, Sol Spiegelman (1967). "An extracellular Darwinian experiment with a self-duplicating nucleic acid molecule". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 58 (1): 217–24. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58..217M. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.1.217. PMC 335620. PMID 5231602.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Kacian,D.L., D.R. Mills, F.R. Kramer, S. Spiegelman (1972). "A Replicating RNA Molecule Suitable for a Detailed Analysis of Extracellular Evolution and Replication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 (10): 3038–3042. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.3038K. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.10.3038. PMC 389702. PMID 4507621.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Sumper, M; R. Luce (1975). "Evidence for de novo production of self-replicating and environmentally adapted RNA structures by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (1): 162–166. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72..162S. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.1.162. PMC 432262. PMID 1054493.
  5. ^ Oehlenschläger, Frank; Eigen, Manfred (December 1997). "30 Years Later – a New Approach to Sol Spiegelman's and Leslie Orgel's in vitro Evolutionary Studies Dedicated to Leslie Orgel on the occasion of his 70th birthday". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 27 (5–6): 437–457. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27..437O. doi:10.1023/A:1006501326129. PMID 9394469. S2CID 26717033.
  6. ^ Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2016). The Ancestor's Tale. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0544859937.

External links

This page was last edited on 19 February 2024, at 01:22
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.