Sauropus androgynus

Sauropus androgynus

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Phyllanthaceae
Genus:	Sauropus
Species:	S. androgynus
Binomial name
*Sauropus androgynus* (L.) Merr.^[1]
Synonyms^[2]^[3]
List Aalius androgyna (L.) Kuntze A. lanceolata (Hook.f.) Kuntze A. oblongifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze A. retroversa (Wight) Kuntze A. sumatrana (Miq.) Kuntze Agyneia ovata Poir. Andrachne ovata Lam. ex Poir. Clutia androgyna L. (basionym) Phyllanthus acidissimus Noronha (nom inval.) P. speciosus Noronha (nom inval.) P. strictus Roxb. Sauropus albicans Blume S. a. var. gardnerianus (Wight) Müll.Arg. S. a. var. intermedius Müll.Arg. S. a. var. zeylanicus (Wight) Müll.Arg. S. convexus J.J.Sm. S. gardnerianus Wight S. indicus Wight S. lanceolatus Hook.f. S. macranthus Fern.-Vill. (nom illeg.) S. oblongifolius Hook.f. S. parviflorus Pax & K.Hoffm. S. retroversus Wight S. scandens C.B.Rob. S. sumatranus Miq. S. zeylanicus Wight

Sauropus androgynus, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable.

Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.

It is a good source of vitamin K.^{[citation needed]} However, a study has suggested that excessive consumption of juiced Katuk leaves (due to its popularity for body weight control in Taiwan in the mid 1990s) can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine.^[4]

It also has high level of provitamin A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content of the leaves.^[5]

It is common in evergreen forest and cultivated up to 1,300 m.^[6]^{[full citation needed]}

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Cultural usage

It is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability.^[7]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the flowers, leaves, and small purplish fruits of Sauropus androgynus has been consumed and used traditionally since ancient times by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups as the alternative medicine in a form of Jamu (traditional concoction native to Java island, originally formulated by the Javanese) to improve the circulation of blocked breast milk for breastfeeding mothers.^[8] Interestingly, according to modern research findings on the efficacy of this herb, indicates that the extract of the Sauropus androgynus leaf increases the expression of prolactin and oxytocin genes 15 to 25 times in breastfeeding mice.^[9]

Malaysia

In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies.

Vietnam

In Vietnam, the shoot tips have been sold in cuisine and used similarly like the asparagus; the locals usually cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make a soup.

Medical

Consumption of Sauropus androgynus has been reported as being associated with bronchiolitis obliterans.^[10]^[11]

Although the exact cause is unknown, eating uncoocked Sauropus androgynus may cause lung failure.^[12]

Nutrition

Sauropus is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, and vitamin C and vitamin B.^[13]

Sauropus androgynus
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	245 kJ (59 kcal)

Carbohydrates	11 g


Fat	1 g


Protein	4.8 g


Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Vitamin A	10370 IU
Thiamine (B1)	9% 0.1 mg
Vitamin C	288% 239 mg


Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	20% 204 mg
Iron	23% 3 mg
Phosphorus	14% 98 mg


Other constituents	Quantity
Water	91.4 g

Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Leaves and fruits Sauropus androgynus
Sauropus androgynus

Vernacular names

In Chinese, it is called mani cai (马尼菜)
In Filipino, it is called Chinese malunggay
In Indonesian, it is called katuk
In Japanese, it is called amame shiba (アマメシバ)
In Javanese, it is called kaṭuk (ꦏꦛꦸꦏ꧀)
In Tamil, it is called Thavasi Keerai (தவசிக்கீரை)
In Malayalam, it is called Madhura cheera (lit. "the Madura's spinach") or Singapura cheera (lit. "the Singapore's spinach")
In Sinhalese, it is called Singapore leaves ( සිංගප්පුරු කොල) or Japan Batu (ජපන් බටු)
In Malay, it is called cekur manis (in Malaysian Malay), or asin-asin and cangkok manis (in Brunei Malay)^[14]^[15]
In Sundanese, it is called kaṭuk (ᮊᮒᮥᮾ)
In Thai, it is called pak waan (or pak waan ban; to distinguish it from Melientha suavis, a completely different plant)
In Vietnamese, it is called rau ngót

References

^ Under its currently accepted name of Sauropus androgynus (from its basionym Clutia androgyna) this species was published in Bulletin of the Bureau of Forestry, Philippine Islands. Manila 1: 30. 1903. "Name – Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 18, 2012. Basionym: Clutia androgyna L.
^ The basionym of S. androgynus (Clutia androgyna) was originally described and published in Mantissa Plantarum 1: 128. 1767. "Name – Clutia androgyna L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ "TPL, treatment of Sauropus androgynus". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Kao CH; Ho YJ; Wu CL; ChangLai SP (1999). "Using 99mTc-DTPA Radioaerosol Inhalation Lung Scintigraphies to Detect the Lung Injury Induced by Consuming Sauropus androgynus Vegetable and Comparison with Conventional Pulmonary Function Tests". Respiration. Karger AG. 66 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1159/000029336. PMID 9973690. S2CID 38378580.
^ Fletcher, Rob. "Sauropus androgynus (sweet leaf bush)". The Australian New Crops Newsletter. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Sauropus has a high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. Nutrient content of the leaves is usually higher in more mature leaves.
^ "Globinmed – Globinmed". www.globinmed.com.
^ Padmavathi, P.; Rao, M. Prabhakara (April 1990). "Nutritive value ofSauropus androgynus leaves". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 40 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF02193767. PMID 2385571. S2CID 21391484.
^ N., Andarwulan; R., Batari; D. A., Sandrasari; B., Bolling; H., Wijaya (2010). "Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables from Indonesia". Food Chemistry. Europe PMC. 121 (4): 1231–1235. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.033. PMC 5555161.
^ Martha Tilaar, Dr.; Bernard T. Widjaja, MM, Prof. Dr. Ir. (2015). The Tale of Jamu: The Green Gold of Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 162. ISBN 9786020322803.
^ Oonakahara, Kenichi; Matsuyama, Wataru; Higashimoto, Ikkou; Machida, Kentarou; Kawabata, Masaharu; Arimura, Kimiyoshi; Osame, Mitsuhiro; Hayashi, Miho; Ogura, Takashi; Imaizumi, Kazuyoshi; Hasegawa, Yoshinori (2005). "Outbreak of Bronchiolitis obliterans Associated with Consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Japan – Alert of Food-Associated Pulmonary Disorders from Japan". Respiration. 72 (2): 221. doi:10.1159/000084058. PMID 15824537. S2CID 34939585.
^ Lai, Ruay-Sheng; Chiang, Ambrose A; Wu, Ming-Ting; Wang, Jyh-Seng; Lai, Nin-Sheng; Lu, Jau-Yeong; Ger, Luo-Ping; Roggli, Victor (1996). "Outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Taiwan". The Lancet. 348 (9020): 83–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)00450-3. PMID 8676721. S2CID 2653113.
^ Kakaes, Konstantin (14 August 2014). "Sayur Manis: Delicious, But Also Deadly, Greens From Borneo". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
^ Cite error: The named reference Newcrops was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Coope, A.E. (1993). Malay-English, English-Malay Dictionary (Rev. ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. pp. 18, 61. ISBN 0-7818-0103-6.
^ Bangchik (2009-10-08). "Cups in the air. asin-asin". Retrieved 2010-05-18.