Ludza dialect

Ludza
Ludzī kīļ
Region	Latgale
Extinct	2006 with the death of Nikolājs Nikonovs, some people with slight knowledge remain
Language family	Uralic Finno Ugric Finnic South Estonian Ludza
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`luts1235`
The Ludza area is the enclave at the bottom of the map.

The Ludza dialect or Lutsi (Ludzī kīļ) is a dialect of South Estonian that was spoken in Latvia by the Ludza Estonians near the town of Ludza in Latvia. Ludza is the most similar to the Seto dialect of South Estonian.^[1] The Ludza dialect has been on a decline and is now extinct. It was estimated that around 800 people spoke Ludza in 1894, and by 1936 this number had decreased to only around 30 to 40 people. The last native speaker of the Ludza dialect was Nikolājs Nikonovs, who was from the village of Lielie Tjapši. He died in 2006, but some people still have limited knowledge of the dialect.^[1] The last knowledgeable language user with passive knowledge, Antonīna Nikonova, died later in 2014.^[2]

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History

The origin of the Ludza people is a mystery, and there are many theories about it. Lutsis themselves had many stories about their origins, one of the stories is about fleeing from Sweden. In 1893 Oskar Kallas found Ludzi speakers in 53 villages around Mērdzene, Pilda, Nirza and Brigi. There were attempts to get Ludza be taught in schools, and creating a standard written form. However these efforts were stopped by Ulmanis. And Paulopriit Voolaine, who was the one to attempt creating Ludza education was banned from entering Latvia. During the Soviet occupation, Voolaine visited the Lutsis again. Lutsi dialect persisted the longest in Lielie Tjapši.^[3]

Current situation

The Ludza people are still mostly aware of their heritage and some can make sentences in Ludza and know a few words. The Ludza people have in recent times connected with Livonians and in 2019 a Ludza song was performed at a Livonian culture event.^[4] In the year 2020 a book was published for studying the Ludza dialect called "Lutsi kiele lementar" by Uldis Balodis.^[5]^[6] Lutsis who live in the area around Mērdzene generally have no knowledge of the Ludza dialect but areas south of the town of Ludza near Pilda have more knowledge of the language.^[7]

Phonology

Consonants^[8]

	Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Post-alveolar/Palatal	Velar	Laryngeal
Nasal	m	n
Stop	p	t		k	ʔ
Affricate		t͡s
Fricative	(f) v	s	(ʃ) (ʒ)	(x)	h
Central approximant/Trill		r	j
Lateral approximant		l ɬ

Alphabet^[9]

a, ā, ä, ǟ, b, b̦, d, d̦, e, ē, f, g, ģ, h, h̦, i, ī, j, k, ķ, l, ļ, m, m̦, n, ņ, o, ō, ö, ȫ, p, p̦, q, r, ŗ, s, ș, š, t, ț, u, ū, ü, ǖ, v, v̦, y, ȳ, z, z̦, ž