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History of the Ho Chi Minh City Metro

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the network currently under construction, see Ho Chi Minh City Metro.

History of the Ho Chi Minh City Metro
Thao Dien metro station under construction in 2023
Overview
Status 1  2  Under construction
LocaleHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemHo Chi Minh City Metro
Technical
CharacterUnderground
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Part of a series on the
History of Ho Chi Minh City
Before 1955
1782 Saigon massacre (1782)
Gia Định province
Siege of Saigon (18 February 1859 – 25 February 1861)
Battle of Ky Hoa (February 1861)
Treaty of Saigon (1862)
Treaty of Saigon (1874)
Battle of Saigon (1955)
Vietnam War
1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt (11 November 1960)
Operation Chopper (Vietnam) (12 January 1962)
1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing (27 February 1962)
Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức (11 June 1963)
Double Seven Day scuffle (7 July 1963)
Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (21 August 1963)
1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état (1–2 November 1963)
Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem (2 November 1963)
Attack on USNS Card (2 May 1964)
1964 Brinks Hotel bombing (24 December 1964)
1965 United States embassy bombing (30 March 1965)
1965 Saigon bombing (25 June 1965)
Operation Jackstay (26 March – 6 April 1966)
Operation Fairfax (November 1966 - 15 December 1967)
Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (4–5 December 1966)
Tet offensive battle of Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack (31 January-11 February 1968)
Tet offensive attack on Joint General Staff Compound (31 January-1 February 1968)
Tet offensive attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (31 January 1968)
Tet offensive attack on US Embassy (31 January 1968)
Battle of West Saigon (5–12 May 1968)
Battle of South Saigon (7–12 May 1968)
Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 841 (2 July 1972)
Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base (28 April 1975)
Operation Frequent Wind (29–30 April 1975)
Fall of Saigon (30 April 1975)
After 1975
1996 Asian Judo Championships (9 to 10 November 1996)
1999 Badminton Asia Cup (10–14 November 1999)
Ho Chi Minh City ITC fire (29 October 2002)
2005 AFC Futsal Championship (22 May – 4 June 2005)
2005 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships (29 August – 4 September 2005)
2012 Vietnam Open Grand Prix (20–26 August 2012)
Metro • Names (district names) • Organised crime
flag Vietnam portal

The history of the Ho Chi Minh City Metro includes early plans for the Ho Chi Minh City Metro which ultimately did not go ahead. The current plans which began construction in 2012 is an evolution of the earlier proposals.[1]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • The infamous and ingenious Ho Chi Minh Trail - Cameron Paterson
  • Ho Chi Minh - The Leader of North Vietnam

Transcription

Deep in the jungles of Vietnam, soldiers from both sides battled heat exhaustion and each other for nearly 20 long years. But the key to Communist victory wasn't weapons or stamina, it was a dirt road. The Ho Chi Minh Trail, winding through Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, started as a simple network of dirt roads and blossomed into the centerpiece of the winning North Vietnamese strategy during the Vietnam War, supplying weapons, troops, and psychological support to the South. The trail was a network of tracks, dirt roads, and river crossings that threaded west out of North Vietnam and south along the Truong Son Mountain Range between Vietnam and Laos. The journey to the South originally took six months. But, with engineering and ingenuity, the Vietnamese expanded and improved the trail. Towards the end of war, as the main roads detoured through Laos, it only took one week. Here is how it happened. In 1959, as relations deteriorated between the North and the South, a system of trails was constructed in order to infiltrate soldiers, weapons, and supplies into South Vietnam. The first troops moved in single-file along routes used by local ethnic groups, and broken tree branches at dusty crossroads were often all that indicated the direction. Initially, most of the Communist cadres who came down the trail were Southerners by birth who had trained in North Vietnam. They dressed like civilian peasants in black, silk pajamas with a checkered scarf. They wore Ho Chi Minh sandals on their feet, cut from truck tires, and carried their ration of cooked rice in elephants' intestines, a linen tube hung around the body. The conditions were harsh and many deaths were caused by exposure, malaria, and amoebic dysentery. Getting lost, starving to death, and the possibility of attacks by wild tigers or bears were constant threats. Meals were invariably just rice and salt, and it was easy to run out. Fear, boredom, and homesickness were the dominant emotions. And soldiers occupied their spare time by writing letters, drawing sketches, and drinking and smoking with local villagers. The first troops down the trail did not engage in much fighting. And after an exhausting six month trip, arriving in the South was a real highlight, often celebrated by bursting into song. By 1965, the trip down the trail could be made by truck. Thousands of trucks supplied by China and Russia took up the task amidst ferocious B-52 bombing and truck drivers became known as pilots of the ground. As traffic down the trail increased, so did the U.S. bombing. They drove at night or in the early morning to avoid air strikes, and watchmen were ready to warn drivers of enemy aircraft. Villages along the trail organized teams to guarantee traffic flow and to help drivers repair damage caused by air attacks. Their catch cries were, "Everything for our Southern brothers!" and, "We will not worry about our houses if the vehicles have not yet gotten through." Some families donated their doors and wooden beds to repair roads. Vietnamese forces even used deception to get the U.S. aircraft to bomb mountainsides in order to make gravel for use in building and maintaining roads. The all-pervading red dust seeped into every nook and cranny. The Ho Chi Minh Trail had a profound impact on the Vietnam War and it was the key to Hanoi's success. North Vietnamese victory was not determined by the battlefields, but by the trail, which was the political, strategic, and economic lynchpin. Americans recognized its achievement, calling the trail, "One of the great achievements in military engineering of the 20th century." The trail is a testimony to the strength of will of the Vietnamese people, and the men and women who used the trail have become folk heros.

Initial 2001 plan

The original proposal was submitted in 2001 and would consist of six lines.[2]

2001 master plan[3]
Line description Length (km) Stations
Northwest–Southwest (including Bến Thành–Tan Son Nhat Airport) 46.86 44
Inner Belt (including Bến Thành–Bình Tây Market, Cholon) 43.14 45
Hòa Hưng, District 10–Hanoi Highway–Thủ Thiêm, District 2 21 18
Bến Thành Market - District 2–District 9 - Thủ Đức District 27.5 18
Hòa Hưng, District 10–Hiệp Bình Chánh, Thủ Đức District–Biên Hòa 46 42

Priority lines

Three lines were considered a priority of the 2001 plan, two of them fully or partly underground and one fully elevated:[1]

  1. A 7.5-kilometre (4.7 mi) north–south line, partly underground and partly elevated, connecting Tan Son Nhat Airport and Bến Thành Market, via Hòa Hưng in District 10;
  2. A 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) east–west line, fully underground, connecting Bến Thành Market with Bình Tây Market in Cholon, similar to Line 3 of the 2007 plan;
  3. An 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) southwest–northeast line, fully elevated, connecting Hòa Hưng in District 10 to Binh Trieu in Thủ Đức District, following existing railway lines.

Proposed extensions to these lines included: extending the Tan Son Nhat line north to Quang Trung Software Park, eventually expanding further to the northwest and southwest to create a much longer 47 km line; extending the Bình Tây/Cholon line to form a circular "Inner Belt" Line, which would loop around the airport; and building a doubletrack elevated express line to extend the Hòa Hưng-Binh Trieu line out to Biên Hòa.[1]

Other lines

Other lines to be built according to the 2001 plan included a 27.5-kilometre (17.1 mi) line connecting Bến Thành Market to Thủ Đức District, via Districts 2 and 9, similar to (but distinct from) Line 1 of the 2007 plan, and a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) line from Hòa Hưng in District 10 to Bình Chánh District.[1]

Several more inter-city rail lines were planned, including a Long Binh-Hóc Môn route, a Hóc Môn–Bình Chánh–Tiền Giang route, a Thủ Đức–Long Bình–Long Thành–Vũng Tàu route and a Thủ Thiêm–Long Bình–Vũng Tàu route.[3]

Technical specifications

The 2001 plan proposed the following technical parameters:[3]

  • Platform length: 125 metres (410 ft)
  • Average distance between stations 700–1,300 metres (2,300–4,300 ft)
  • Maximum speed: 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph)
  • Headway: 4 min. (min. 2 min.)
  • Gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
  • Vehicle width: 3 metres (9.8 ft)

Revised plan in 2007

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro project is managed by the city's Management Authority for Urban Railways (MAUR), a government unit working directly under the Chairman of the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City.[4] The 2007 plan put forth by this unit calls for no less than six urban rail lines.[5] Bến Thành Market in District 1, already a major hub for bus traffic, will become a major hub connecting several lines.

2007 master plan[6]
Line Length (km)   Stations  Route
 1 
 19.7 14 Bến Thành Market–Suối Tiên Park, District 9
 2 
 11.3[7] 11 Bến Thành Market–Tham Luong, District 12
 <span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">3</span> 
 10.4 ? Bến Thành Market–Bình Tân
 <span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">4</span> 
 16 ? Lang Cha Ca, Tân Bình–Van Thanh Park, Bình Thạnh District
 <span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">5</span> 
 17 ? Thủ Thiêm, District 2–Cần Giuộc, District 8
 <span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">6</span> 
 6 ? Ba Queo, Tân Bình–Phu Lam, District 6

Line 1

The proposed map of Line 1 in 2007

On 10 April 2007, the city government approved the US$1.1 billion Line 1. It will run for 19.7 km from Bến Thành station, underground for 2.6 km past the Opera House, Ba Son Shipyard, and then cross the Saigon River on an elevated track, passing through District 2 on the way to Suối Tiên Park and the terminus in Long Bình in District 9. In total, Line 1 will include 14 stations, with three of these being underground.[6]

Work to build a US$28 million depot in Long Binh for Line 1 began on 21 February 2008.[8][9] Construction of the elevated section, east of the Saigon River, started in August 2012.[10] The contract for the 3-station underground segment was to follow shortly after. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation will provide US$904.7 million to meet 83% of the cost, and the city government US$186.6 million.[5]

Completion of Line 1 was originally planned for early 2018,[10] but is now planned for 2023. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily upon launch, increasing to 635,000 by 2030 and 800,000 by 2040. All stations along the route are expected to accommodate the disabled, with automatic ticket vending machines, telephone booths, restrooms, subway doors and information bulletins accessible to the handicapped and visually impaired.[9]

Line 2

The proposed map of Line 2 in 2007

Plans for the US$1.2 billion Line 2 were submitted in November 2008 by MVA Asia Limited[11] and approved by the government in December 2008. This line will include 11 stations stretching between Bến Thành and Tham Luong in District 12, following a route through Pham Hong Thai, Cach Mang Thang Tam and Trường Chinh streets. Out of the main section's total length of 11.3 km, 9.6 km will be underground.[7] Major stations will include Trường Chinh (Tay Ninh Bus Station), near Tan Son Nhat Airport, and Hòa Hưng, near Saigon Railway Station. An extension of Line 2 east of Bến Thành Market to Thủ Thiêm New was originally proposed by MVA; this extension would bring the line's total length to 19 km.[12]

The project's projected cost will be financed by the German Bank for Reconstruction, the Asian Development Bank and the European Investment Bank. In February 2008, the German government announced EUR 86 million of funding towards the project.[8] Metro line No. 2 was scheduled to start construction in 2013, but due to various difficulties, HCM has asked the Government to delay to 2020. This line is expected to be completed in 2030.[13][14]

Line 3

The third metro line would span the distance between Bến Thành Market to the east and An Lac in Bình Tân District to the west,[6] passing through Districts 5 and 6—the area known as Cholon, or "Chinatown". Fewer details have emerged about the third line than the others, although the city's People's Committee is reported to have approached the French government for funding and support.[15] A 2006 document suggested a possible extension of Line 3 north of Bến Thành Market to Thủ Đức District, although officials have yet to confirm whether this extension will be built.[12]

Line 4

Spanish consulting company Ardanuy Ingenieria won a contract in October 2009 to provide a feasibility study of Line 4 of the six-line project.[6] This line would stretch 16 km from Lang Cha Ca crossroad in Tân Bình District (near Tan Son Nhat Airport) to Van Thanh Park in Bình Thạnh District.

Lines 5-6

On 4 April 2009, Spain's IDOM, Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Consultoría S.A. signed a contract with HCMC Urban Railway to provide a feasibility study for lines 5 (from Thủ Thiêm, District 2 to Can Giuoc, District 8 – 20 km) and 6 (Ba Queo, Tân Bình to Phu Lam, District 6 – 6 km). The study was to be completed within 12 months.[16]

In September 2010 Spanish company GEV signed an agreement with HCM City's Management Board of Urban Railway to build the first phase of the Metro 5 route between Sai Gon Bridge and Bay Hien Intersection in Tân Bình District. Work on the route is expected to begin by the end of April 2011.[17]

In September 2013 agreement was reached with the Asian Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the Spanish Government to provide Euro850m to finance the construction of line 5 - with any additional provided by the Vietnamese Government. A revised construction start of 2015 was provided.[18]

Other lines

China Shanghai Corporation for Foreign Economic & Technological Cooperation (Sfeco) has carried out a pre-feasibility study for a 12 km Nguyen Oanh-Nguyen Van Linh Metro route, between Gò Vấp District and District 4.[19] A 2006 document indicated that a subsidiary line connecting the line to Tan Son Nhat Airport and a southward extension to Nhà Bè District may have been considered.[12]

References

References
  1. ^ a b c d "Ho Chi Minh City plans to build a metro network". International Railway Journal. 1 May 2002. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  2. ^ "Ho Chi Minh City Metro Plan". International Railway Journal. January 2001. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Robert Schwandl (2007). "Ho Chi Minh City Metro". UrbanRail.net. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  4. ^ "Overview of Management Authority for Urban Railways". Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  5. ^ a b M.Vong (10 April 2007). "Vietnam to build first subway with Japanese aid". Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d "Ho Chi Minh City Metro". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  7. ^ a b "City sets to start construction of metro route No.2". Thanh Nien. Sai Gon Giai Phong. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  8. ^ a b "Ho Chi Minh City breaks ground". Railway Gazette International. 28 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  9. ^ a b Duc Trung (18 February 2008). "Vietnam's first subway line ready to break ground". Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  10. ^ a b "Work starts on Ho Chin Minh City metro Line 1". Railway Gazette International. 31 August 2012.
  11. ^ Dinh Muoi (30 November 2008). "Plans for HCMC's second metro route submitted". Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  12. ^ a b c MVA Asia Ltd (October 2006). "Preparing the Ho Chi Minh City Metro Rail System Project: Technical Assistance Reports" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  13. ^ TheLEADER.VN (18 January 2018). "HCM City calls for additional US$17.8 billion in eight urban railway routes". TheLEADER. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  14. ^ "Báo VietnamNet". VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  15. ^ Tran Tam (12 June 2009). "City seeks French support for metro project". Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  16. ^ Minh Quang (7 April 2009). "Spanish firm signs metro deal". Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  17. ^ "Subterranean urban projects receive funds". VietNam Net. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  18. ^ "City Metro Project receives Euro850 million funding". SGGP. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  19. ^ "China investor likely to replace Russian firms in subway project". The SGT Daily. October 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
This page was last edited on 11 April 2024, at 21:18
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