Emmanuel Mignot | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1959 (age 64–65) Paris, France |
| Education | Université Pierre and Marie Curie Necker-Enfants Malades, Université René Descartes École Normale Supérieure |
| Known for | Work on narcolepsy |
| Medical career | |
| Profession | Medical doctor |
| Institutions | Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine |
| Sub-specialties | Psychiatry |
| Research | Sleep disorders |
Emmanuel Mignot (born 1959 in Paris) is a sleep researcher and director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, at Stanford University. Dr. Mignot is an authority on sleep research and medicine, and is mostly known for his work on narcolepsy. He is the Craig Reynolds Professor of Sleep Medicine at Stanford Medical School, Stanford University.[1]
YouTube Encyclopedic
-
1/3Views:16 62522 479317
-
Dr. Emmanuel Mignot talks about advances in narcolepsy research and care
-
Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says
-
Emmanuel Mignot - La France et l'OTAN
Transcription
MT: My name is Michael Twery. I'm the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and I'm here today with Dr. Emmanuel Mignot of Stanford University, one of our leading researchers working on narcolepsy research and causes of sleepiness and the genetics of narcolepsy and its treatment. Dr. Mignot, why don't you tell us a little bit about your research. EM: So when I started to work on narcolepsy, it was not recognized. So people were misdiagnosed, people didn't even know what it was. So they were seeing doctors and the doctors weren't able to say what you have. At the time I remember diagnosing patients, it's not so difficult, they give you the symptoms and I tell them that's what you have. And then some of them would literally cry because for the first time, you know, they had been told they were crazy and for the first time you could tell them, "This is your problem." And they know that you know. It's like suddenly you describe the symptoms the way they have them so they know that you have found their problem. That's extremely important. The second thing is we discovered it has a biochemical cause. It's not in their mind. It's like a little chemical that's missing in their brain that helps to stay asleep and fund your dream. When this chemical is not present, you have narcolepsy. Now we have a test where we can do a biochemical test and say yes, the chemical is missing, you have narcolepsy. And then— MT: It's kind of a fairy tale come true. You've discovered the proteins, the genes, there's drugs that act on these pathways, right? So it's all coming to fruition. EM: So even more exciting I think 10 years after this particular discovery of the link between this chemical called hypocretin or orexin, and the lack of it and the cause of narcolepsy, we now have drugs that are under review at the FDA for first actually insomnia. Because people who have sleep problems it's more common actually to have insomnia. The first thing the pharmaceutical company did is actually to block the hypocretin system to make people sleep and dream better. And I think now people are starting to think of doing the opposite, which is what I really want. Is a drug that would stimulate and replace your orexin/hypocretin so it would replace what's missing in patients with narcolepsy. And that should really be the best treatment for them. It should be like insulin for people with type 1 diabetes who don't have, you know. It will happen. It's probably going to take 10 more years. Which to be honest as a scientist, it's long but it's not that long. MT: You didn't mention the discovering or advancing our understanding of how narcolepsy comes about. You mentioned that it's not just a part of someone's personality but there's actually a biological cause. Is this something that afflicts people? Are they born with it? EM: No, they develop it. People are born completely normal, they just have a genetic predisposition that many other people have. Maybe I would say 20 percent of the population has that genetic predisposition. And then what we are learning now is when you get certain infections, it triggers the immune system start to fight the infection but makes a mistake and attacks the brain cells that produce hypocretin, confusing them with some kind of bugs that you have been exposed to. That's called an autoimmune disease. Then the cells that produce hypocretin are killed by mistake by the immune system and then you have narcolepsy. This research doesn't only have implications for sleep in general, it has implications for infection, vaccination, as well as immunology and autoimmune disease. And eventually I think by maybe vaccinations or immunological prevention we might be able to stop even narcolepsy from starting in the people who are susceptible. And, you know, I don't think you can tell that before you start researching. So I think you have to be very flexible. And right now the technology's so amazing that we can make a lot of progress. I do believe NIH is really indispensible, and the flexibility is very important, being able to go into different fields and be reviewed by the best experts. It's a good system. MT: Thank you very much, Dr. Mignot. I really enjoyed your taking some time. It's a great story of discovery. EM: Thank you, it's a pleasure.
Career
Dr. Emmanuel Mignot completed his Science Doctorate in Molecular Pharmacology at the Université Pierre and Marie Curie and went to medical school at Necker-Enfants Malades, Université René Descartes, with subspecialisation in Psychiatry. Dr. Mignot is a former student of École Normale Supérieure (Ulm).
Following a postdoctoral fellowship at the Stanford Sleep Center, Mignot believed that understanding narcolepsy could lead to breakthrough in new understanding of sleep. He was appointed assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University in 1993, professor in 2001 and director of the Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine in 2011, succeeding William C. Dement. Trained as a pharmacologist, he first deciphered the mode of action of modafinil, amphetamines, and antidepressants on narcolepsy symptoms,[2] work that was done in close collaboration with Dr. Seiji Nishino.
Starting in 1990, he isolated the gene causing canine narcolepsy in doberman and Labrador dogs. Ten years later, this led to the discovery that mutations in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 cause canine narcolepsy,[3] and that human narcolepsy was caused by an immune mediated destruction of the hypocretin (orexin) producing cells in the brain [4] Parallel work performed by Mashashi Yanagisawa, Christopher Stinton and colleagues subsequently showed that hypocretin (orexin) deficient mice also have narcolepsy.[5]
The autoimmune destruction of hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the hypothalamus was later shown by Han and Mignot to be at least partially precipitated by influenza A infections, notably the H1N1 2009 pandemic strain,[6] complementing findings made in Northern Europe following the H1N1 Pandemrix vaccination campaign.[7]
Dr. Mignot identified genetic factors predisposing to human narcolepsy, such as human leukocyte antigen HLA DQB1*06:02 and other genes[8] and isolated the gene causing the methylopathy Autosomal Dominant Cerebelar Ataxia, Deafness and Narcolepsy (ADCA-DN), DNMT1.[9]
Awards
Dr. Mignot has received numerous research grants and honors, including National Sleep Foundation and National Institute of Health Research Awards, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and McKnight Neuroscience awards, the Narcolepsy Network[10] professional service award, the Drs. C. and F. Demuth 11th Award for Young Investigators in the Neurosciences, the WC Dement Academic Achievement Award in sleep disorders medicine, the CINP and ACNP awards in neuropharmacology and the Jacobaeus prize. He is an elected member of the Association of American Physicians and of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He is the co-author of more than 200 original scientific publications, and he serves on the editorial board of scientific journals in the field of sleep and biology research. Dr. Mignot is an active member of several professional and governmental organizations. He has been past president of the Sleep Research society, chair the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Advisory board of the National institutes of Health and chair of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Institute of Mental Health. For 2023 he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for discovering that narcolepsy is caused by the loss of a small population of brain cells that make a wake-promoting substance, paving the way for the development of new treatments for sleep disorders.[11]
Bibliography
Dr. Mignot has written many published works in the field of sleep medicine.[12][13]
See also
References
- ^ Mignot, Em. "Prof". Stanford. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- ^ Nishino S, Mignot E. Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy. Prog. Neurobiol, 52: 27-78, 1997.
- ^ Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, Rogers W, Lin X, Qui X, de Jong P, Nishino S, Mignot E. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 98(3):365-76, 1999.
- ^ Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) transmission is defective in human narcolepsy. Lancet, 355:39-40, 2000.
- ^ Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, Elmquist JK, Scammell T, Lee C, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Xiong Y, Kisanuki Y, Fitch TE, Nakazato M, Hammer RE, Saper CB, Yanagisawa M. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell, 98: 437-451, 1999.
- ^ Han F, Lin L, Warby SC, Faraco J, Li J, Dong SX, An P, Zhao L, Wang LH, Li QY, Yan H, Gao ZC, Yuan Y, Strohl KP, Mignot E (2011). Narcolepsy onset is seasonal and increased following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in China. Ann Neurol. ;70(3):410-7.
- ^ Partinen M, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Ilveskoski I, Hublin C, Linna M, Olsén P, Nokelainen P, Alén R, Wallden T, Espo M, Rusanen H, Olme J, Sätilä H, Arikka H, Kaipainen P, Julkunen I, Kirjavainen T. Increased incidence and clinical picture of childhood narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaign in Finland. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33723.
- ^ Sehgal A, Mignot E. Genetics of sleep and sleep disorders. Cell. 2011 Jul 22;146(2):194-207.
- ^ Winkelmann J, Lin L, Schormair B, Kornum BR, Faraco J, Plazzi G, Melberg A, Cornelio F, Urban AE, Pizza F, Poli F, Grubert F, Wieland T, Graf E, Hallmayer J, Strom TM, Mignot E. Mutations in DNMT1 cause autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness and narcolepsy. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 May 15;21(10):2205-10.
- ^ https://profiles.stanford.edu/emmanuel-mignot.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Breakthrough Prizes in Life Sciences 2023
- ^ "Selected Publications". Stanford School of Medicine Center for Narcolepsy. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
- ^ "PubMed Search for Emmanuel Mignot". Retrieved 14 July 2022.
Further reading
- Bassetti, Claudio; Billiard, Michel; Mignot, Emmanuel, eds. (December 21, 2006). Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia (1st ed.). Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0849337154.
External links
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
This page was last edited on 8 May 2024, at 16:47